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Modernization of Zhongshan and China

August 22, 2013 11:44 Source: "Humanities Lingnan" September 29, 2011 Author:

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□ Xiong Yuezhi

Xiangshan Chengzhen in the Northern Song Dynasty，Southern Song Dynasty，Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties Following constant，April 15, 1925，Because of commemorating Mr. Sun Yat -sen，Re -renamed Zhongshan County。Its range includes today's Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province、Zhuhai City and Macau Special Administrative Region。

The cutting -edge of cultural exchanges between China and the West

Zhongshan area belongs to Lingnan。Lingnan is in the southernmost part of mainland China。Wuling towering，Wan Mountain overlap，A natural barrier will be Guangdong、Guangxi and Central Plains are separated。On the Chinese cultural territory，Before the Tang Dynasty，Lingnan people are scarce，Culture is far behind Central Plains。Zhang Jiuling, the Tang Dynasty, hosted the new road of Dalingling in 716 AD，Convenient for transportation with Central Plains，Promoting the development of Lingnan。Zhongshan in Lingnan，belonging to the Linhai area，Lares on the population，less cultivated land，In the era of traditional farming，Economy backward，Therefore, in Song、yuan、Ming Dynasty，Dedicated as a lower county。

Regional culture is usually greatly affected by three factors: First, the geographical environment，Is it along the coast or the Mainland，Is alpine、Plain or hill，How to temperature，How about rainfall，How about the soil; the second is the humanistic environment，How many population，Education level，historical origin; third, the region is in the country、Region、Global location，Location when communicating with different cultural exchanges。

Chinese civilization from northern grassland nomadic civilization、Central Plains Agricultural Civilization、Southern Mountains Traveling Culture and Marine Civilization Commonly Composition。In the era of farming civilization，Agriculture -based，Business is the end，The vision of the entire country is inward，Internal internal，Most of the capital is located in inland cities，or Changan，or Kaifeng，or Beijing，It was also located in Nanjing and Hangzhou，But the time is short。Most of the time before modern times，The Chinese government does not encourage external connection and trade，Including maritime traffic、Overseas Trade、Ocean civilization, including overseas immigrants, has not received enough attention，Sometimes even closure the country，Not allowed to enter the sea，Not to protect overseas Chinese。In this context，Slowly development in coastal areas，Zhongshan area can only be on the edge of Chinese culture。This situation has changed from the Ming Dynasty。

After the Geography of the 15th century, after the discovery，Western capitalism accelerates the pace of expansion worldwide，Eastern and Western connections are becoming more frequent and close。1553 & mdash; between 1557，Portuguese merchants landed in Macau，Start settled。Since then，Portuguese occupied Macau，Residence and Business，School of Education，Macau is operated as Western religion、Culture spread to China、Extended base。Portuguese Church built by Portuguese，It was the most ambitious in the bet365 best casino games Far East、Most magnificent、The most influential Catholic Church。In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty，Matteo Ricci、Tang Ruowang、Nan Huairen and other Jesuit missionaries came to China，All are based on Macau。Christian Protestant Missionary also uses this as a stronghold。After coming to China and others，Frequent exchanges between Guangzhou and Macau。Missionary and foreign merchants are not running well elsewhere，Retreat to Macau，Xu Tu Development。After the Opium War，China Cut Hong Kong，Open Guangzhou、Fuzhou、Xiamen、Ningbo、Shanghai is a foreign business port，Macau still maintains an open state。This，Since the end of the Ming Dynasty，The area with the most open ports in China is Lingnan，The only one has never been closed、Macau。

Macau belongs to Xiangshan County，Small range of Macau，Large range of Xiangshan。Macau long -term open，Xiangshan has been in the forefront of China for a long time，The forefront of the blending of cultural exchanges and blending of Chinese and Western cultural exchanges for a long time。For larger areas,，Xiangshan area before modern times，Before and after the Opium War，is the most contact with the West、Know the most for the West、Areas with the most rich knowledge in the West。

In modern history，Fragrant & rdquo;，That is Overseas Chinese、Complaints、More international students、Christian Multi。This & ldquo; four & rdquo;，All are related to the influence of Western culture。or，These four types of groups，All cultural exchanges between China and the West、Fusion product。Xiangshan people have become the leader of modernization in China。

Modernization knowledge first

Earlier with rich modern knowledge，It is an important reason why Xiangshan people take a step in the process of modernization in China。

When Rongji is 7 years old，I was sent to a church school in Macau by my parents to study。Why did Rong Yan's parents send such a small child to schools run by foreigners? The reason is simple: Xueyangwen，Learn new knowledge，Division with foreigners，Earn a lot of money，No longer poverty。Why does Rong Ye's parents not teach their son to read "Four Books"、"Five Classics"，Go to the imperial examination，Then be promoted to get rich? The reason is also very simple，Can be Chinese style，Promotion to get rich，Rongzong Yaozu，Of course it is good。But that road is too difficult，The probability is too low，The cost is too high，Unlike reading foreignwen、It's so real，The simplest truth is often the deepest truth。

If China -Western relations have been maintained before 1840，If China is always in a closed state，The influence of Xiangshan people in China will not be as big as later。Once the isolated situation of China and the West is broken，China is included in the world system，Once China embarks on the road of modernization，The role of Xiangshan people may be fully played，Its impact will magnify a lot。The journey of modern China to the world is well known to the world: Five -sized business after 1842; after 1860, sixteen ports，The Yangtze River is open; then the port is more and more，The portal is getting bigger and bigger，Linking with the Western World is getting closer，The pace of modernization is getting faster and faster。Consistent with this，The role of Xiangshan people、Impact is almost ubiquitous: the first batch of international bet365 live casino games students，The first batch of business，The first batch of modern industrialists，The first business session dictionary of China and the West，The first to participate in the World Expo，The first large -scale modern department store & hellip; & hellip; almost all areas that are closely related to Western，The figures of Xiangshan people are active。

Modernization practice is the first whip

A considerable part of modern Chinese entrepreneurs are transformed from the comparison office，and the earliest batch is mostly Xiangshan people，Like Tang Tingshu、Xu Run、Zheng Guanying、Mo Shiyang, etc.。For a long time before the Opium War，China has only a bite of Guangzhou in Guangzhou，Monopoly from the thirteenth line，Contact between the intercouction office，A considerable part is Xiangshan people。Over the years，Xiangshan Company for the world's general trend、Products in various places、Chinese and Western business conditions、Traffic route、Trade rules、Humanity，or personal experience，or ears，Know extremely wide，Know very deep。Dang the coast、Many cities along the river are opened after the business port，should be used to learn Western barrier for profit guns、After the rise of the Westernization Movement of Industry and Commerce Technology as the main content，These interviews get an opportunity to show your skills，With the footsteps of the foreign merchants，With the rise of foreign companies，Active in various new enterprises and foreign affairs activities。Tang Tingshu is typical。He is apprentice to Hong Kong auction house，Translation of the Hong Kong government，and Shanghai Customs staff，and the Jihe Ocean Walker。In Jihe Western Bank，His lasted 10 years，Acquisition silk tea，Acquisition silk tea，Invest in pawnshop for the boss，Operating Real Estate。

1873，He made a move that ordinary people are unable to understand，Familiar with the resignation of driving、The very rich Tyede Ocean Bank Acquisition location，Not long after taking office、There is no improvement of the General Office of the Shanghai Ship Investment Bureau without any improvement。Why did he make such a routine decision? turn out to be，One time，He returned from Shanghai to Hong Kong by ship by boat，I encountered the wind and waves on the way，Its boat shelter，Foreign ships are limited to a pot of water for each passenger，About one pound，Drinking face washing is inside。There are more than a hundred sheep in the ship，Then drink it with full barrel water，Not limited。Tang Tingshu is not as stimulated by this person as sheep，Great Radiest，The idea of germination with foreigners since then。He serves as a ship Investment Bureau，One of the goals is to save the right of interest，Fighting with foreign merchants。Tang Tingshu's self -employed life、joint venture、Participate、There are 47 companies hosted by the host，Involved in shipping、Mining、Railway、Hospital、School and other aspects，He is inward from the outside，Strive best。

Excellent practice root is the correct decision，The correct decision roots originated from the perspective。Xiangshan people see many knowledge，So，In many cases, vision is advanced，Decision correct。Many examples in this area。Early Year of Guangxu，Xinxing Industry Shipin Industry is facing huge development opportunities，Originally engaged in Bet365 app download real estate、Xu Run in the shipping industry seized this opportunity，Decisively invest in stone printing industry，Open the same book bureau，Get great success。In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China，Global Department Store faces major development opportunities，Xiangshan Overseas Chinese, Australia，Has this opportunity，Turn around，Large development，Founded the first place、Yongan and other department stores。

Modern talent leaders

Broadcasting of modernized talents in Zhongshan area，Affinity，Leading in the country。Distribution of Chinese talents in modern times，Obviously there is a dependent relationship with regional characteristics。Due to the relationship between the Taiping Army，The peasant uprising talents from Guangxi are more concentrated; the relationship between the Xianghuai Army，Hunan、Politics and military talents from Anhui are more concentrated; because Yuan Shikai's relationship with the new army，Anhui、New soldiers from Hebei are more concentrated;，The industrial talents from Jiangsu and Zhejiang are more concentrated。If you talk about West、Study modern talents in the West，You must not push Guangdong。The four of the four advanced Chinese people mentioned by Mao Zedong once mentioned in the West，Three (Hong Xiuquan、Kang Youwei、Sun Yat -sen) is Cantonese，Only one (Yan Fu) is from Fujian。Among these people，And Sun Yat -sen is the most prominent。

The reason why Sun Yat -sen became a great democratic revolutionary pioneer，Become an outstanding thinker，Born with him、The environment of growth is inseparable，The cultural environment of Xiangshan is inseparable。Xiangshan's significance to Sun Yat -sen is many aspects。Sun Yat -sen is engaged in revolutionary activities，There are three pillars，One is the pillar of thought of the Three People's Principles，Second is the organizational pillar of the Chinese Alliance，One is the pillar of thought of the Three People's Principles。These three pillars are closely related to Xiangshan。Ideological influence has been described before。Organization，The predecessor of the China Alliance was the Xingzhong Association, founded by Sun Yat -sen in 1894。The first batch of more than 20 members of the Xingzhong Association are mostly Xiangshan people。195 members who joined the Xingzhong Conference from 1900 to 1905，There are 79 people in Xiangshan native，accounting for 40 %。From the establishment of the middle of 1894 to the period of the second revolution in 1913，No less than 200 overseas Chinese who participated in the revolutionary activities。Economy，Xiangshan Overseas Chinese is an important source of wealth for Sun Yat -sen to engage in revolutionary activities。Guangzhou Uprising in 1895，The first uprising of the anti -Qing revolution，Its funds are supported by Sun Mei and Honolulu Overseas Chinese。According to incomplete statistics，To support Sun Yat -sen's revolutionary activities，From 1895 to 1912，Overseas Chinese of Honolulu donated 8,000 US dollars and 63255 silver dollars。

The above four features，Geographic advantage、Knowledge advantages、Practical advantages and talent advantages，complement each other，complement each other，The influence of Zhongshan people in modern China，Far breakthrough in the regional limit，Become a prominent cultural phenomenon。

(The author is deputy dean of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences、Director bet365 live casino games of the Institute of History)

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Hemei: The city of Zhongshan

□ Hu Bo

Zhongshan City, known as the Township of Lingnan Water，The hometown of the great man Mr. Sun Yat -sen，It is also a well -known overseas Chinese native at home and abroad。During the Republic of China，This is the only model county in the country，Possess important position on the political map of the Nanjing National Government。After reform and opening up，Here has obtained national environmental protection cities、National Tourism City、United Nations Habitat Award、The first batch of national civilized cities and national historical and cultural cities a number of awards。Yishan Beihai、Popular climate、Ming and Qing Dynasties、Wufu Minfeng、beautiful scenery、Four Seasons Fragrant，These unique natural environment and unique humanistic environment，Make it here in the evolution of history，Gradually have a beautiful temperament and the style of Lingnan。

Zhongshan on the Pearl River Delta Plain、Zhuhai、Macau was once the jurisdiction of Xiangshan County，Tang and Song Dynasties，Here is the island in the sea，The clumbs of the place、Its people are the poorest。Ming and Qing Dynasties，then & ldquo; around the sea on three sides，There is a turbulent view of waves，Beauty of the Land Razan，People are thick，Frequent adventure & rdquo;。The salty Lingyang Yang and the vast sea，It was originally a natural obstacle that human beings could not survive，but，Brave and intelligent Zhongshan people，But from them to obtain the benefits of boat fishing and hunting; Chaotian、Shatian、saline -alkali and large and small islands，It was not conducive to farming and breeding，but，Practical and flexible Zhongshan people，However, in the process of transformation and conformity of nature，Learned to build a embankment and encircle、Wide moisture -proof and salty、Protecting Sha Tin，Created Sanji Fish Pond、Fruit base fish pond、The circular economy development model of the cane base fish pond，Change Shatian as the hometown of fishing rice。

逶迤逶迤，It provided natural barriers and safety harbor for ancient Zhongshan people & ldquo; Genghai & rdquo;，It also provides rich food and unlimited business opportunities for Zhongshan people engaged in farming and fisheries。Xiangshan Island、Lingyuyang、Shiqihai、Dasha Tin，The material basis that these Zhongshan ancestors depended on survival，It has directly become the stage of the original production and life of Zhongshan people。Zhongshan people are also in this complex and changeable、turbulent、Romantic and poetic environment，Intellectual increased，Will be sharpened，Emotional is cultivated，Purifying the mind，Personality is shaped。They are on this fertile land，Experience，Breeding interest from generation to generation，Sprinkle your own temperament，Write the history of the city。

Level like a mirror fish pond，Shatian with yellow tender green green green，Season of flowers blooming，Season of flowers blooming，It can inspire people’s aesthetic fun at all times，evoked people's unlimited thoughts and reveries。Water in the Great Pearl River in the Dining，Bathing the wind of Lingyuyang，Feel the rhythm and cheer of the tide of the sea，Sitting at the sea when looking at the sea，Listen to the singing from Dasha Tin，Swaying through the banana forest、The floating field Bet365 lotto review in the field，Zhongshan people naturally have an artist -like sensitive heart and romantic feelings。They like singing，There are salt water songs、Gao Tangge、Singing of Da Ling Ge; they love to perform，There are drunk dragons、Floating、Dance Dragon、The handed down of the dance crane; they love art，There are comics、Cantonese、Quyi、Photography、Calligraphy、Masters in painting and other aspects are famous in the world; they enjoy life，So I learned four o'clock tonic、Drink soup every day，It has spawned rich and colorful and unique food culture，Successfully artistic life，Artistic life。

Natural humanization and human naturalization，Destination from a generation in Zhongshan。Although I have experienced the huge changes in the vicissitudes of the sea here，But at the same time, it also encountered many population migration and social integration。History of Social Development in Zhongshan，It is a history of immigration and history of coastal development。History，Zhongshan has experienced three major immigration waves with far -reaching influence: the first time is the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Northern War，Central Plains Banang，People don't talk about life，Some Central Plains Wangs with economic and social strength，Moving home to the south。Some of them，Moves south from Nanxiong Zhuzhang Lane，Enter the Xiangshan Islands at the intersection of the Pearl River and the intersection of Lingyuyang and the junction of nearby water and land，Become the earliest Central Plains immigrants here; some departure from Fujian on the southeast coast，Drinking along the coastal coastline to the South China Sea，Also enter the Xiangshan area，Migration with Zhuzhang Lane，The most active batch of & ldquo; foreign households & rdquo;。The second time was the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Some of the high -door big households on the southeast coast of the north and Fujian，To avoid war，Seeking greater development space，Organized and planned collective migration，Finally, I chose some places in Xiangshan here，Roots on the ground、Open branches and loose leaves，Become here & ldquo; New Hakka & rdquo;。The third time is the New China period，Cadres and military personnel of the south，and college graduates swarming after reform and opening up、Science and technology personnel and freelancers，They chose Zhongshan，The main force of the development of Zhongshan's economic and social and cultural development。More than 850 years from Xiangshan County to Zhongshan City，There have been many ethnic groups holding various motivations，Active integration into the activities of Xiangshan or Zhongshan's economic construction and promoting the progress of social civilization。

Immigration also moves culture，Migration tide is also a cultural wave。These southern Fujian people who moved from different historical periods、Hakkas、Guangfu people，and immigrants in other different regional cultures，In the long production and life process，Not only the inheritance and promotion of their different cultural characteristics，And with an open mind and innovative spirit，Actively integrated the culture and civilization of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign，Such as Western Christian Culture、Nanyang Culture and Central Plains Confucian、Interpretation、Tao culture，And different，bet365 live casino games & ldquo;，Beauty of Beauty，Meimei and Communist & RDQUO;，Forms a diverse cultural ecology, co -construction sharing、Harmonious society of symbiosis and prosperity。

The biggest feature of immigrant society，Is open tolerance，Unity and mutual assistance，pioneering and aggressive，Never complacent。Immigration to seek new psychology and extraordinary adaptability，Make them from tradition，Adventure、Spirit and Innovation Spirit。Immigration is savvy and smart，During the long journey，Need good organizational planning and emotional mobility，Need to support and unite and collaborate，Otherwise，It is impossible for the whole family to go on a stop and one stop，It is also impossible to flourish in a village in a different place。Immigration society is an acceptance and acceptance、Society of accommodation and accommodation。Understand and tolerance，is the most rare mentality of immigrants; unity and friendship，is the most valuable character of immigration; & ldquo; Boai、Innovation、tolerance、Harmony & rdquo;，Is the city spirit of Zhongshan，All these，It is also the secret of the sustainable development of immigrant society。Past，Here, the Minnan language department is gathered and raised、The son -in -law of the Hakka language and Cantonese language department; after the reform and opening up，Native Zhongshan people，With the mind of Hainan Baichuan，Care about Zhongshan at home and abroad、Support Zhongshan、People who love Zhongshan，Open your arms，Welcome to visit Zhongshan to visit、vacation and leisure、Exchange Learning、Investment entrepreneurship and settlement。Xiaocheng Zhongshan，Actually it is a big world of harmony。

Good mountains and water, good children，Beautiful Beauty World。Wugui Mountain、Lingyuyang、Dasha Tin、Qijiang River，Nature gives the Zhongshan people to the rich soil and soil，Make the generations of the generations of Zhongshan people rely on the support;、Hakkas、Guangfu people，and all & ldquo; New Hakka & RDQUO;，In the production and spiritual creation of material production and spiritual creation that adapts to nature and transform nature，It also gives this land with unique humanistic connotation，Make the mountains and rivers here、flowers and trees and urban landscapes，Therefore, with a soft style and harmonious life。

and beauty，The Story of Zhongshan City; Story of Zhongshan City，Always filled with beautiful fragrance。

(the author is chairman and professor of Zhongshan Literary Federation)