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bet365 offers and China’s Modernization

August 22, 2013 11:44 Source: "Humanities bet365 offers" Issue 10, September 29, 2011 Author:

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bet365 offers people and China’s modernization

□Xiong Yuezhi

Xiangshan became a town in the Northern Song Dynasty，Establishing counties in the Southern Song Dynasty，The tradition of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties remains unchanged，April 15, 1925，In memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen，Renamed bet365 offers County。The scope roughly includes today’s bet365 offers City, Guangdong Province、Zhuhai City and Macao Special Administrative Region。

The forefront of cultural exchanges between bet365 offers and the West

bet365 offers area belongs to Lingnan。Lingnan is located in the southernmost part of mainland China。Five Ridges Towering，Thousands of mountains overlap，A natural barrier connects Guangdong、Guangxi is separated from the Central Plains。On the Chinese cultural map，Before Tang Dynasty，Lingnan is sparsely populated，The culture lags far behind that of the Central Plains。Zhang Jiuling in the Tang Dynasty presided over the excavation of the new road in Dayuling in 716 AD，Convenient transportation with the Central Plains，Promoted the development of Lingnan。bet365 offers in Lingnan，Belongs to Linhai area，Sparsely populated，Little arable land，In the era of traditional farming，Economic backwardness，So in Song Dynasty、yuan、Ming Dynasty，Listed as an inferior county。

Regional culture is usually greatly affected by three factors: First, the geographical environment，Is it coastal or inland，It’s a high mountain、Plains or hills，How is the temperature，How is the rainfall?，How is the soil quality；The second is the humanistic environment，Population，Education Level，Historical origin；The third is that the region is bet365 offers country、Region、Global location，Position when communicating with different cultures。

Chinese civilization originated from the nomadic civilization of the northern grasslands、Central Plains Agricultural Civilization、The southern mountain nomadic culture and marine civilization are jointly composed。In an era dominated by farming civilization，Agriculture-based，Business is the end，The whole country looks inward，Centered inland，Capital cities are mostly located in inland cities，or Chang'an，or Kaifeng，or Beijing，Also located in Nanjing and Hangzhou，But the time is shorter。Most of the time before modern times，The Chinese government does not encourage external contacts and trade，Including maritime traffic、Overseas trade、Marine civilization including overseas immigrants has not received enough attention，Sometimes even the country is closed to the outside world，No boards allowed to enter the sea，Not even protecting overseas Chinese。In this context，Coastal areas develop slowly，bet365 offers area can only be on the edge of Chinese culture。This situation changed in the Ming Dynasty。

Since the discovery of America bet365 offers 15th century，Western capitalism is accelerating its global expansion，The connections between the East and the West are becoming increasingly frequent and close。AD 1553—1557 years，Portuguese merchants landed in Macau，Start to settle down。Afterwards，The Portuguese occupy Macau，Residence and Business，Missionary education，Run Macau as a Western religion、Culture spread to China、Extended base。St. Paul’s Church built by the Portuguese，Once the most magnificent bet365 offers Far East、The most magnificent、The most influential Catholic church。Late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty，Matteo Ricci、Tang Ruowang、Nan Huairen and other Jesuit missionaries come to China，All based in Macau。Protestant missionaries also use this as their base。After Morrison and others came to China，Frequently travels between Guangzhou and Macau。Missions and foreign businessmen are not doing well in other places，Retreat to Macau，Xu Tu Development。After the Opium War，China cedes Hong Kong，Open Guangzhou、Fuzhou、Xiamen、Ningbo、Shanghai is a foreign trade port，Macao remains open to the outside world。This way，Since the late Ming Dynasty，The region with the most open ports in China is Lingnan，The only one who has never been in retreat、Macau remains open。

Macao belongs to bet365 offers County，Macau is small，bet365 offers has a large area。Macao is open for a long time，bet365 offers has long been at the forefront of China’s opening up，Long-termly at the forefront of cultural exchanges and integration between China and the West。Based on a larger area，bet365 offers area before modern times，Before and after the Opium War，Has the most contact with the West、Knows the most about the West、The region with the richest Western knowledge。

In modern history，bet365 offers area is known as “四多”Famous，There are many overseas Chinese、Many compradors、Many international students、Many Christians。This“四多”，All related to the influence of Western culture。Or，These four groups，All are cultural exchanges between China and the West、The product of fusion。The bet365 offers people therefore became the leaders of China’s modernization。

Getting a head start on bet365 offers knowledge

Have rich modern knowledge earlier，This is an important reason why bet365 offers people took the lead in China’s modernization process。

When Rong Hong was 7 years old，He was sent to a missionary school in Macau by his parents。Why did Rong Hong’s parents send such a young child to a school run by foreigners？The reason is very simple: learn foreign languages，Learn new knowledge，Dealing with foreigners，Make a lot of money，No more poverty。Why don’t Rong Hong’s parents teach their son to read the Four Books、"Five Classics"，Go to take the imperial examination，Then get promoted and make a fortune？The reason is very simple，Able to take the imperial examination in bet365 offers style，Get promoted and make a fortune，Glory to the ancestors，Of course that’s good。But that road is too difficult，The probability is too low，The cost is too high，Not like reading foreign languages、Being a comprador is so practical，The simplest truth is often the most profound truth。

If Sino-Spanish relations had remained the same as they were before 1840，If China remains closed，The influence of Xiangshan people in China will not be as great as it was later。Once the isolation between China and the West is broken，China is included in the world system，Once China embarks on the road to modernization，The role of Xiangshan people may be fully brought into play，The impact will be much magnified。Modern China’s journey towards the world is well known to the world: after 1842, five ports opened for trade；Sixteen ports of trade after 1860，Yangtze River Opening；In the future, more and more ports will be opened，The door is opening wider and wider，Increasingly close ties with the Western world，The pace of modernization is getting faster and faster。Consistent with this，The role of Xiangshan people、The influence is almost everywhere: the first batch of international students，The first batch of compradors，The first batch of modern industrialists，The first Chinese and Western business conversation dictionary，The first to participate in the World Expo，The first batch of large modern department stores……Almost all areas closely related to the West，They are all full of people bet365 offers Xiangshan。

bet365 offers practices its pioneering spirit

A considerable number of modern Chinese entrepreneurs were transformed bet365 offers compradors，The earliest batch were mostly bet365 offers Xiangshan，such as Tang Tingshu、Xu Run、Zheng Guanying、Mo Shiyang and others。For a long time before the Opium War，China has only one port for foreign trade, Guangzhou，Monopolized by the Thirteenth Bank，Contacted by comprador，A considerable number of them are bet365 offers Xiangshan。Over the years，Xiangshan Comprador to the world trend、Products bet365 offers various places、Chinese and Western Business Information、Transportation lines、Trade Rules、Humanity and sophistication，Or personal experience，Or you may be influenced by it，Extremely broad understanding，Know very well。When along the coast、After many cities along the river were opened as treaty ports，We should learn bet365 offers Western strong ships and cannons、After the rise of the Westernization Movement, in which industry, commerce, and science and technology were the main content，These compradors will get the opportunity to show off their talents，Following the footsteps of foreign businessmen，With the rise of Westernization enterprises，Active in various new enterprises and Westernization activities。Tang Tingshu is a typical example。He was apprenticed to a Hong Kong auction house，And the Hong Kong government translated，And Shanghai Customs staff，And the comprador of Jardine Matheson。At Jardine Matheson，He lasted 10 years，Manager Shipping，Purchase Silk Tea，Invest in the pawn shop for the boss，Manage real estate。

1873，He did something that is difficult for ordinary people to understand，Resigning is already a breeze、Comprador position at Jardine Matheson with extremely generous benefits，Not long after taking office、The General Office of Shanghai Steamship Investment Promotion Bureau which has not shown any improvement。Why did he make such an unconventional decision？Original，Once，He returned to Hong Kong bet365 offers Shanghai by boat，Encountering wind and waves on the way，The ship takes shelter bet365 offers the wind，Foreign shipowners limit each passenger to one bottle of water，About one pound，Drinking face wash is included。There are more than a hundred sheep in the boat，Then a bucket full of water for them to drink，Unrestricted。Tang Tingshu was stimulated by the fact that this person was inferior to a sheep，Very angry，bet365 offers then on, the idea of competing with foreigners sprouted。He works for the Steamship Merchants Company，One of the purposes is to restore rights，Competing with foreign businessmen。Tang Tingshu is self-employed all his life、Joint venture、Participate、Presiding over 47 companies，Involving shipping、Mining、Railway、Hospital、School and other aspects，He does everything bet365 offers the outside to the inside，Strive for the best。

Excellent practice is rooted in correct decision-making，Correct decision-making is rooted in extraordinary vision。bet365 offers people are well-informed，So，Looking ahead in many cases，Correct decision。There are many examples in this regard。Early Year of Guangxu，The emerging industry lithography industry faces huge development opportunities，Originally engaged in real estate、Xu Run in the shipping industry seized this opportunity，Decisively invest in the lithographic printing industry，Open a bookstore，A great success。End of Qing Dynasty and beginning of Republic of China，Global Department Store faces major development opportunities，Overseas Chinese in bet365 offers in Australia，Seize this opportunity，Turn inward，Massive development，Founded Xianshi、Yongan and other department stores。

bet365 offers talents lead the way

bet365 offers area has a wide range of modern talents，Great influence，Leading the country。Distribution of talents in modern China，Obviously dependent on regional characteristics。Due to the relationship with the Taiping Army，The peasant uprising talents produced in Guangxi are relatively concentrated；Due to the relationship between the Hunan and Huai army，Hunan、Anhui produces relatively concentrated political and military talents；Due to Yuan Shikai’s relationship with the new army，Anhui、The New Army talents from Hebei are relatively concentrated；Because of the relationship with the metropolis Shanghai，The industrial talents produced in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are relatively concentrated。On understanding the West、Learn from Western modern talents，You have to promote East。Among the four advanced Chinese people whom Mao Zedong once mentioned who learned from the West，Three (Hong Xiuquan、Kang Youwei、Sun Yat-sen) is from Guangdong，Only one (Yan Fu) is from Fujian。Of these people，Sun Yat-sen is the most prominent。

The reason why Sun Yat-sen became a great pioneer of democratic revolution，Become an outstanding thinker，Born with him、The environment in which one grows up is inseparable，Inseparable bet365 offers the cultural environment of Xiangshan。The significance of Xiangshan to Sun Yat-sen is multifaceted。Sun Yat-sen engaged in revolutionary activities，There are three pillars，First, the ideological pillars of the Three People's Principles，The second is the organizational pillar of the China Alliance，The third is the economic pillar of patriotic overseas Chinese。These three pillars are all closely related to Xiangshan。Ideological influence has been mentioned before。Organizational aspects，The predecessor of the China Alliance was the Xingzhong Society founded by Sun Yat-sen in Hawaii in 1894。Most of the first batch of more than 20 members of the Xingzhong Society are bet365 offers Xiangshan。Among the 195 members who joined the Xingzhong Association bet365 offers 1900 to 1905，79 people bet365 offers Xiangshan，40%。bet365 offers the establishment of the Xingzhonghui in 1894 to the failure of the second revolution in 1913，No less than 200 overseas Chinese bet365 offers Xiangshan participated in revolutionary activities。Economic aspects，Overseas Chinese in Xiangshan are an important financial source for Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary activities。The Guangzhou Uprising in 1895，The first uprising against the Qing revolution，The funding is supported by donations bet365 offers Sun Mei and overseas Chinese in Honolulu。According to incomplete statistics，To support Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary activities，Since 1895 to 1912，Overseas Chinese in Honolulu donated 8,000 US dollars and 63,255 silver dollars。

The above four characteristics，Geographic advantage、Knowledge Advantage、Practical advantages and talent advantages，Complement each other，Complement each other，The influence of bet365 offers people in modern China，Breaking far beyond geographical restrictions，Become a prominent cultural phenomenon。

(The author is the vice president of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences、Director bet365 offers Institute of History)

[NextPage]

Harmony and Beauty: The City Story of bet365 offers

□Hu Bo

bet365 offers City, known as the Lingnan Water Town，It is the hometown of the great Dr. Sun Yat-sen，It is also a famous hometown of overseas Chinese at home and abroad。Republic of China period，This was once the only model county in the country，Occupies an important position in the political map of the Nanjing National Government。After reform and opening up，This place has been awarded the title of National Environmental Protection City、National Tourism City、United Nations Habitat Award、The first batch of national civilized cities and national historical and cultural cities with multiple awards。Near the mountains and the sea、Pleasant climate、Fertile land、Wufu Minfeng、Beautiful scenery、Fragrance of all seasons，These unique natural environments and unique humanistic environments，Let this place be in the evolution of history，Gradually acquired the harmonious temperament and Lingnan style。

bet365 offers on the Pearl River Delta plain、Zhuhai、Macao was once under the jurisdiction of Xiangshan County，Tang and Song Dynasties，This is still an island in the sea，It is the narrowest place、Their people are the poorest。Ming and Qing Dynasties，then“Surrounded by sea on three sides，There is a view of rough waves，Good at the beauty of fertile land，The public sentiment is strong，Adventure by nature”。The salty Lingding Ocean and the vast sea，Originally a natural obstacle that is insurmountable for humans，But，Brave and smart bet365 offers people，But we obtained the benefits of fishing and hunting from them；Shiota、Shatin、Saline-alkali land and large and small islands，It is not conducive to farming and breeding，But，Pragmatic and flexible bet365 offers people，But in the process of transforming and adapting to nature，Learned to build embankments and fences、Moisture-proof and salt-proof、Protect Shatin，Created the mulberry fish pond、Guoji Fish Pond、Circular economic development model of sugarcane-based fish ponds，Turn Shatin into a land of fish and rice。

The beautiful Wugui Mountain，Once a native of bet365 offers in ancient times“Genghai”Provides a natural barrier and a safe harbor；The vast and ethereal Lingding Ocean，It also provides abundant food and unlimited business opportunities for bet365 offers people engaged in farming and fishing。Xiangshan Island、Ling Ding Yang、Shi Qihai、Dasha Tin，The material basis for the survival of these bet365 offers ancestors，It once directly became the initial stage of production and life for bet365 offers people。bet365 offers people are also complex and changeable、Unrest、In a romantic and poetic environment，Growth in knowledge，The will is tempered，Sentiment is cultivated，The soul is purified，Personality is shaped。They are in this fertile land，Intensive farming，Proliferate from generation to generation，Display your temperament freely，And he wrote the history of the city to his heart's content。

A mirror-level fish pond，Goose yellow and tender green Sha Tin，The sea of clouds rolling freely，The season of flowers falling and blooming，Can inspire people’s aesthetic taste at all times，Arouse people’s infinite thoughts and reveries。Drinking the water of the Pearl River，Bathing in the wind of Lingding Ocean，Feel the rhythm and joy of the ebb and flow of the sea，The wantonness of sitting and watching the waves crashing on the shore，Listen to the songs floating in the sandy fields，Swaying through the banana forest、In the fields with floating green shade，bet365 offers people naturally have a sensitive heart and romantic feelings like an artist。They like to sing，There is a salt water song、Gao Tangge、Singing Competition of Da Feng Song；They love to perform，There is a drunken dragon、Piaose、Dragon Dance、The legend of Wuhe；They love art，There are comics、Cantonese music、Quyi、Photography、Calligraphy、Masters in painting and other fields are world-famous；They enjoy life，So I learned to take supplements in four seasons、Drink soup every day，Have given birth to a colorful and unique food culture，Successfully turning life into art，Turn art into life。

The humanization of nature and the naturalization of people，Performed here in bet365 offers from generation to generation。Although this place has experienced great changes，But at the same time, it has also encountered many population migrations and social integration。History of bet365 offers Social Development，It is a history of immigration and coastal development。History，bet365 offers has experienced three major immigration waves with far-reaching influence: the first was the Song and Yuan Dynasties，War in the North，Zhongyuan Bandang，People are in dire straits，Some prominent Central Plains families with economic and social strength，The family moved south。Some of them，Moved southward from Nanxiong Zhuji Lane，Enter the Xiangshan Islands and the nearby land and water junction at the intersection of the Pearl River Estuary and Lingding Yang，Become the earliest Central Plains immigrant here；Part of it departs from Fujian on the southeast coast，Wandering along the coastline to the South China Sea，Also enters the Xiangshan area，Together with Zhuji Lane immigrants，Become the most active group in Xiangshan“Outside households”。The second time was during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Some high-profile households in the north and the southeast coast of Fujian，To avoid the war，Seeking greater development space，Organized and planned collective migration，Finally, I chose some places in Xiangshan that are suitable for farming and fishing，Take root、Spreading branches and leaves，Be the&ldquo here;New Hakka”。The third time is the new China period，Cadres going south and civilian-turned-military personnel，And the college graduates who flocked to us after the reform and opening up、Technologists and Freelancers，They chose bet365 offers，Become the main force in bet365 offers’s economic, social and cultural development。Over 850 years from Xiangshan County to bet365 offers City，There have always been many ethnic groups with various motives，Actively integrate into the economic construction and promotion of social civilization and progress in Xiangshan or bet365 offers。

Immigration also emigrates culture，Immigration wave is also a cultural wave。These Hokkien people who came bet365 offers different historical periods、Hakka、Guangfu people，And other immigrants bet365 offers different regional cultures，In the long process of production and life，Not only inherit and promote their different cultural characteristics，But also with an open mind and innovative spirit，Actively integrates the cultural and civilizational achievements of ancient and modern times, China and foreign countries，Such as Western Christian Culture、Nanyang Culture and Central Plains Confucianism、Interpretation、Tao Culture，And in“Harmonious but different”with“Different yet harmonious”Under the dual principle，“Everyone has his own beauty，The beauty of beauty，Beauty and beauty together”，The formation of a diverse and integrated cultural ecology and co-construction and sharing、A harmonious society of symbiosis and mutual prosperity。

The biggest feature of immigrant society，It is open and inclusive，Solidarity and mutual assistance，Pioneering and enterprising，Never be complacent。Immigration’s novelty-seeking and extraordinary adaptability，Make them not stick to tradition，Adventurous、Pioneering and innovative spirit。Immigration is also smart and clever，During the long journey，Requires good organizational planning and emotional mobilization，Need mutual support and unity and cooperation，otherwise，It is impossible for the whole family to go from one stop to the next，It is impossible to prosper in one village or one town in a different place。Immigration society is one of accepting and being accepted、A society that accommodates and is accommodated。Understanding and tolerance，This is the most rare mentality for immigrants；Unity and friendship，It is the most valuable character of immigrants；“fraternity、Innovation、Tolerance、Harmony”，It is the city spirit of bet365 offers，All of them，It is also the secret to the sustainable development of immigrant society。Past，The Hokkien language family is gathered and nurtured here、Descendants of Hakka and Cantonese languages；After reform and opening up，A native of bet365 offers，With a mind that embraces all rivers，Care for bet365 offers at home and abroad、Support bet365 offers、Those who love bet365 offers，Open your arms，Welcome them to visit bet365 offers、Vacation and leisure、Communication and learning、Invest, start a business and settle down。Small Town bet365 offers，In fact, it is a harmonious and beautiful world。

Good mountains, good water, good children，Beautiful beauty, beautiful world。Wuguishan、Ling Ding Yang、Dasha Tin、Qijiang River，Nature has given bet365 offers people rich soil and water，Gives generations of bet365 offers people a basis to settle down and live their lives；Minnan people、Hakka、Guangfu people，And all&ldquo who enter bet365 offers;New Hakka”，In material production and spiritual creation that adapts to and transforms nature，It also gives this land unique humanistic connotation，Make the mountains and rivers here、Flowers, trees and urban landscape，Therefore, there is a soft style and harmonious breath of life。

和美，The story of bet365 offers City；Story of bet365 offers City，Always filled with the fragrance of harmony and beauty。

(The author is chairman and professor of bet365 offers Federation of Literary and Art Circles)

Editor in charge: virtual bet365 offers user

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