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"Sea Gypsy Man" —— 疍疍

13:39, August 30, 2013 Source: "Humanities Lingnan", August 30, 2013 Author:

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Zhan Jianqian

疍 Family Girl Zhongshan Social Sciences Federation/Figure Figure

Lingnan Dadi River Vertical and Crossing、Many harbor，A group of people who live on the house on the water，They all year round，Life with water fishing and transportation，& ldquo; One living planned water edge & rdquo;，& ldquo; Tiangong instructed the water career & rdquo;，Known as the people。

Different from the sources of the people

There are a lot of statements about the source of Lingnan's people。Ming and Qing Fang Zhi generally believes，Qin Chao conquered Lingnan and local indigenous people fleeing Jianghai，疍 people are the descendants of these people。Some people think that they are & ldquo; Yuanfanye & rdquo;，Lingnan Mongolians were driven into the sea，Turned into a pimple。Han, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties，A group named & ldquo; 蜑 & rdquo; ethnic group，After the Song Dynasty，They gradually disappear from the historical stage，However, in Lingnan, a person with the same name & ldquo; 蜑 & rdquo;，Some people think that Lingnan Lingmin is the & ldquo; 蜑 & rdquo; people from the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River。

Actually，From the late Neolithic era in the late NSD，The ancestors of the people of the people live in Lingnan。Archaeological excavation proof of Beligan site，Binhai Yue people to collect oysters、蚬蚬 Animal animal is a living，This is the same as the way of making a living in the people。Archaeological Discovery of the Maogang site in Gaoyao County is proof again，The ancestors here are on the water，Entering fishing and breeding interest，Is the ancestor of the people。The dialects of the people's house also retain the traces of the ancient Yue people。other，疍疍，Good logging shipbuilding and water war，worship snake totem，These production lifestyles and cultural habits are the same as the waterfront.，Consistent cultural heritage，The ethnic group has evolved clearly。This can be seen，The ancestors of the people lived in Lingnan very early，Its production lifestyle and custom habits are gradually formed in the process of adapting to the geographical environment of Lingnan。

& ldquo; 蜑 & rdquo; Originally refers to the middle and upper and upstream basin ethnic groups of the Yangtze River，Symatic with & ldquo;。Conquer of the Sui and Tang Dynasties of the Six Dynasties，Basic assimilation of the people in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River，Gradually withdraw from the stage of history。

The historical origin of Lingnan Lingmin

Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty，At that time, the literati reorganized allusions，Named Lingnan Shuiyue people named & ldquo; 蜑 & rdquo;，This is the beginning of the name of Lingnan Shuiju people。In the long historical period，Continue to have land groups to join the people，Among them, there are Han people who fled Jianghai，Annan people from Southeast Asia、Zhancheng people、Malays，and Yao people, etc.，The composition Bet365 app download of this special ethnic group of Lingnan Lingmin is constantly complex。So，疍 people are also a cultural title: boat life、Fishing with Jianghai is regarded as the people。

Lingnan Lingmin is widely distributed。The most distributed in the inland area is the Guangdong Pearl River、Hanjiang、Beijiang、Dongjiang、Xijiang、Moyangjiang, etc.，Guangxi Xijiang、浔 River、He Jiang、Liujiang、Yujiang、The main rivers and its tributary of the Minjiang River also have a lot of tributaries。The coastal areas from Rao Ping in the east of Guangdong to the north Bay of Guangxi、The coastal harbor on the Hainan Ring Island is distributed，Among them, the most densely intensive area of the coastal area of the Pearl River Delta。They first mainly gathered in the water surface of Dadu, Tongdu，As the population increases，Radiation to the more remote river seas，distribution is more widely。

Lingnan Lingmin flows everywhere，Frequently traveling from the government's jurisdiction，It is difficult for the governments of the past to make statistics on their population，So，How many people are there in all parts of Lingnan in the past and cannot be sophisticated。What needs to be pointed out is，The record of the number of people in the Lingnan dynasties of the Fang Zhi of the Lingnan is mostly the number of taxpayers.，instead of actual population。Due to its strong reproduction，and constantly & ldquo; Newcomer & rdquo; Add，The rapid expansion of the people's population。According to the estimation of the Guangdong Lumin Survey Group in 1953，Guangdong's population population is about 900,000，Among them, the coast is about 150,000，About 600,000，About 150,000 inland rivers。This can be seen，疍 people occupy an important position in the proportion of the population of Lingnan。

The occupation of Lumin is mainly fishing and water transportation。Their production tools and fishing technology are relatively backward，Can still be full during the fishing flood，Poor on weekdays cannot survive。Water transportation people are often struggling because of being extorted。Water natural disasters often make them have nothing。So，The livelihood of the people of all ages is very embarrassed，The Song Dynasty Zhou went to non -saying & ldquo;，Zhu Xi also said that they & ldquo; physiological to micro & rdquo;，Ming and Qing Fangzhi & ldquo; Essential embarrassment & rdquo;，& ldquo; Poor of the Seaside，This is the most bitter & rdquo;。

It is worth mentioning that the proprietary occupation of the people & mdash; & mdash; bead。Song Dynasty Cai Yan said: & ldquo;。& rdquo; They sneaked into the sea to find pearl mussels，Open bead mussels to get pearl。It is very dangerous to take beads without the sea，or die due to suffocation，Or damage by sea fish。Pearl valuable，But the people in exchange for their lives。

Discrimination and oppression & ldquo; 疍 people history & rdquo;

The economic form of the long feudal society in China is the self -sufficient economy with farming as the core，The Jianghai fishery economy engaged Bet365 app download in the Minhai is the same in the eyes of land -centered farming economy people & ldquo;，Water society has also become the land society & ldquo; others & rdquo;。Under this cultural situation，疍 people were considered & ldquo; 蜑 & & rdquo; during the Song and Yuan Dynasties，The Ming and Qing Dynasties were even regarded as & ldquo; Battle & rdquo;。The oppression and discrimination of the people suffered from the people of the past generations are very heavy，They can’t go ashore to settle，No education opportunities，Can't take the imperial examination; residents on land do not intermarry with them，Called it & ldquo;、& ldquo; The rear boat & rdquo; et al.;，Go down the roadside。Although these discriminations are not explicitly stipulated by the government，But the governments of the past have not taken true effective measures to eliminate these discriminations。

until the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty，The government announces open households，This is of progressive significance。，Government of the Qing Dynasty has paid attention to protecting the people's economic rights and interests，But they have never abolished their political imprisonment。During the Republic of China，Sun Yat -sen announced the opening of the house with the President's order，Gives them equal public and private rights。But due to political turmoil，The National Government, which represents the interests of the great bourgeoisie of the landlord, does not sincerely emancipate the people at the bottom of the society。

Incorporate landing in land society

After the founding of New China，The party and the government solve the political treatment of the people through ethnic autonomy，Help them get rid of poverty through economic support，Solve the discrimination of others on the people through long -term political ideological work，Eventually the mobilization of the landing is finally integrated into the land society。

Now，The people in various places go ashore、Transfer，But there are still a few people's habit of maintaining water life，Scholars call it & ldquo;。With the death of the older generation，This group will soon disappear，& ldquo; 疍 people & rdquo; will become a long history。

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, South China Normal University)

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Fisheries of Hainan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Zhang Shuo Ren

Mingchu，Pirates are rampant at sea，The government strictly controls the national group。& ldquo;，belongs to Hebo，For fish class & rdquo; This rigid regulations，Make the people who lived in sea into the bottom of the society。However, Hainan's people in this period，Basically out of the identity of the pariast，Transition to fishermen under the editor -in -chief。

Better Boat Live in the coast

Tang Yan "Zhengde Qiongtai & Middot; Customs"，& ldquo;。Juki Binshazhou，Maoyan，or open the door from the head of Joya & rdquo;，Yazhou & ldquo; or planting mountain gardens & rdquo;。"Wanli Laozhou Zhi" said，The local & ldquo;、Wenchang & ldquo; Maoyan cover，The roof in and out of & rdquo;。Better Boat、Living in the sea is the main feature of Hainan's House House。

Bet365 app download Wanli period，Luo Yueyu pointed out in his "Xianbin Record"、Yazhou Yimin is & ldquo; take the boat as the home，or editor Panto Water Margin，Wooden bar & rdquo;。From the perspective of the attraction，Roche described is not the truth of the house of the island 疍。

Not only that，The living space of Hainan's people even shows signs of expanding to the city。Zhang Yuesong's "Daoguang Qiongzhou Prefecture & Middot; Hyelizhi" has this record: Ming Wanli second year (1574) May，Pirate Lin Feng drove 120，Boqinglan Port，Want to buy melon in Wenchang County、vegetables，Lin's request to be rejected by Qianhu Ding's luck。Coincolk with the heavy rain，City Wall collapse，Lin Feng started three days after entering the city。This campaign，& ldquo; The military -civilian businessmen were killed 2,200 people & rdquo;。Although this record does not refine the number of people in the people, the number of casualties，At least it means that the people have the possibility of living in the city。

& ldquo;、The rude architecture is a concentrated manifestation of the living of Hainan's Lumin。But whether it is & ldquo; Hoyama opening door & rdquo;、& ldquo;，Or living in a city，Based on the coastal area of Fujian and Guangxi, & ldquo; water residence & rdquo; comparison，All have obvious progress。

Customs and Han people converge

Tang's "Customs" pointed out: & ldquo; men's rare farmers mulberry，Only Anti Ma is a net，A living with fishing，Children's Gong Shi Gui，Fish Class & RDQUO;，The commonality of the people of Hainan。

疍 people live around the island，Different waters where they live，The differences in customs in various places are obvious。In Yazhou，& ldquo; Women's weaving fabrics are karma & rdquo; And the northern part of Qiongshan, the coastal area of the sea, is today on both sides of Haidianxi.，Participate in a evening outdoor event called & ldquo; spinning yard & rdquo;。This event has prevailed in the early Ming Dynasty。Tang's "Miscellaneous Things" said: & ldquo; Shijun custom，Village salt、疍、Little Men's Woman，More than Yueming Middle School Textile，Answer to a men's song as a play。Fanlongqi、Ershui、Da Ying、Baisha、Sea fields，All of them，Extinction of Textile Farm。& rdquo;

"Wanli Puzhou Chronicle" pointed out: & ldquo; Men's minority farm gardens，Only Anti Ma is a net，Fishing as a living，Children's Gong Shi Gui，A fishing class。Women's specialty to grab snails，Little weaving person。& rdquo; But Wanzhou's people are especially long to the day (that is, the winter solstice)，other，& ldquo;，The year -old Nayu class。After the woman's 垂，or insert、Baojin。Dai Ping's head vine，negative vendor & rdquo;。and Wenchang & ldquo;，I don't know farming & rdquo;。

In short，Men are engaged in fisheries、The main body of the taxation lesson，And this profession has obvious tendencies of child inheritance。Another，From the perspective of clothing，Wanzhou Women and Women and Women are already difficult to distinguish。Marriage radius is the prerequisite for determining the breeding of the family，bet365 live casino games The performance of women from Haikou and Wanzhou and farming in the Yazhou area、Putting production and other aspects，The possibility of intermarriage outside the ethnic group is exist。

The above information indicates，Hainan's Life Living Customs is almost the same as Qimin。

New phenomenon of education

New Yingdu、Da Ying is all Gongmin Gathering Place。Late Wanli，The local education of the people has encouraged new phenomena。According to the "Wanli Pozhou Chronicle"，From 35 years of Wanli，疍 people & ldquo; fishing boat & rdquo;、& ldquo; wooden row & rdquo;、& ldquo; 硐硐 & rdquo; Three miscellaneous taxes 60 two 6 money collection problems，and & ldquo; Tongzhou Shimin & RDQUO;。After passing Zhizhou Zengbangtai & ldquo; reduced silver twelve，Tailoring of commercial ship tax & rdquo;，Only came to an end。It has a certain relationship with the improvement of the level of victory and the education level of the people of the people.。

What can best reflect the overall improvement of the education level of the group is，Wanli forty -one years，The people of the people do not recognize the local government & ldquo;，Zhiyou Demu in State Grain，Litigation case specified in the state Ding & rdquo;

疍生、Zhou Yiyun, etc., go to the Ding Ding Class, Deputy Environment of the Promise of the Professional Master of the Temple，Mongolian State Classification。This state Zhizhou Zeng (Bangtai) trial will be exempted from the second stone of Zhongmi，Fold Er Ding。Number of people who are free of people from people。Exempted from the silver。Tongtong Course Mi，Tonglong Junpai。Following it with it。

This historical material reveals two information: one is the identity of the children of the people of the people; the other is the people of the people of the people of the people of the people.、Minxian dual system free -leaving standard，Use legal procedures to express the overall demands of people living members，Make 疍、People livelihoods have the same social identity。

Two litigation incidents indicate，The identity of the cheap people of the people has disappeared，They have obtained the same status as well as the households through their own efforts。& ldquo; 疍疍 & rdquo;。

Change of living space、The convergence of the custom and the Han people and the development of the people's education，In fact is a social identity after the people actively participate in solving the real problems of Hainan's social reality，It is the result of the efforts of the group's own。

It can be concluded: after the middle and late Ming Dynasty，Hainan's fishermen's tendency to fishermen is very obvious，Chen Menglei to Wenchang & ldquo; 蜑，Fisheries also & rdquo; judgment，Gu Yan's "Hai Yan Yu Lu" records the record of nearly 400 fishing vessels in the new seas of the New Sea，can be proved。

(Author Unit: College of Marxism University in Hainan University)

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Fujian & ldquo; Tongmin & rdquo; difficult & ldquo; ashore & rdquo;

Huang Xiangchun

& ldquo; 蜑 people & rdquo;，It is part of the formation process of the entire Fujian ethnic relationship.。

& ldquo; Toyo & rdquo;: & ldquo; Huaxia edge & rdquo;

The earliest records about the residents of Fujian water appeared in the Tang Dynasty，called & ldquo; yacht & rdquo;Bet365 app download 。The water residents distributed in Quanzhou in the Song Dynasty called & ldquo; Baishuilang & rdquo;。In the same period, there is also a kind of & ldquo; water residents & rdquo;，Liang Ke's family in the Southern Song Dynasty attributed it to & ldquo; Baishuilang & rdquo;。

& ldquo; Baishuilang & rdquo; and Guangliang & ldquo; 蜑 & & rdquo; genus & ldquo; Yihu & rdquo; seem to be a more consistent view of the Song Dynasty literati。& ldquo; & rdquo;。& ldquo; Baishuilang & rdquo; and the & ldquo; yacht & rdquo; appearing in the Song Dynasty literature &、& ldquo;、& ldquo; Lu Tingzi & rdquo;、& ldquo; Lu Xun legacy & rdquo; and other names，Gradually & ldquo; & ldquo; 蜑 & rdquo;，Become a water resident, that is, & ldquo; 蜑 people & rdquo; This & ldquo;。The reasons they were followed during the Tang and Song dynasties，Expansion of the territory of the dynasty during this period、The spread of scholars culture in the south、& ldquo; Han people & rdquo; agree with the formation of the region、The prosperity of maritime trade activities and Quanzhou、The prosperity of Hong Kong and other Hong Kong cities in Guangzhou has a close relationship。

The water residents of Fujian in the Yuan Dynasty are the same as those in the Song Dynasty，Started called & ldquo; Toyo & rdquo;。This name comes from the association of this group with the special occupation of picking pearls，They are incorporated into this type of household registration，and bear the corresponding taxation，Accepting government management。The skills of their into the water and pearls have also become a main content of scholars in the past to describe the group & ldquo; specificity & rdquo;。From the & ldquo; yacht & rdquo;、& ldquo; Baishuilang & rdquo;、& ldquo; Water Ship & rdquo;，Changes in this name，It also reflects that their appearance as a general & ldquo; Alien & rdquo; is closely related to the establishment of the dynasty system on the southeast coastal area。They started the interaction and contact with the dynasty system and local society as & rdquo;，At the same time, it was pasted with Shanghai upper & ldquo; Huaxia edge & rdquo; ethnic label。

Become a citizen of Fuzhou

Mingchu，Some people from Fujian -Guangzhou are all places to be a naval army，Another part of the other part is a fisherman who is citizen -citizenship as the fisherman of the year -old fishing class，Jili Hebo。In the middle of the Ming Dynasty，Heaven has been repeatedly returned to，Fishermen In order to find new living space，Multi -dependence on the great tribe with a linger，Become & ldquo; private service & rdquo;。The so -called & ldquo; private service & rdquo;，Including the soil such as farming fields、hire rudder sailors、Clam fishing、Ferry cargo、Transported manure，and 娼 and even Jiangyang smuggling。This phenomenon has an important historical impact on Fujian's people: first, the identity of the slave -type and the operation of the cheap industry has been regarded as a pariah in the local society for a long time; Identity provides possibilities。

After the Qing Dynasty，Fujian Pinmin has gone through important historical bet365 Play online games changes that have experienced the reform and cheapness as the good，Get a certain identity confirmation。Late Qing Dynasty，With the entry of Western forces、Business open business、Urban development and the diversification of the livelihood brought by it，Fujian Yimin A large number of gathering on the water surface of Shanggang，and get a new title "。With commercialization、Accelerated development of urbanization process，Some new changes have taken place in the survival of water residents in Fuzhou area。& ldquo; & ldquo; Quohoe & rdquo;，Still in livelihood、Gorgeous Gongyu and inland river ferry are mainly captured; while the & ldquo; & & rdquo;，or Drives、Loading and unloading，or fishing for a living。Although they have become an indispensable part of urban economic life，but still being discriminated against、The embarrassment of marginalized。

After the founding of New China，Ethnic survey and recognition，Water residents in Fujian are finally recognized as the Han nationality。From the 1950s to the present，Their living conditions have changed a lot，Most people no longer use the boat as home。Water residents in Fuzhou area、Township residents use soil to change to opportunity，Continue its farming、Traditional helper，Gradually settle down，Planting、Life for breeding and inland fishing，A lot of & ldquo; & times; pier & rdquo;、& ldquo; & Times; 垱 & rdquo; New & ldquo; rural & rdquo;。& ldquo; waterman & rdquo;，The socialist transformation of fishery in the 1960s has been landed，Developed into a group of & ldquo; Fishermen's new village & rdquo;。and the original & ldquo; waterman & rdquo;，When it was divided into & ldquo; water district & rdquo;。

(Author Unit: Department of Anthropology, Xiamen University)

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