Social layering has always been a classic research theme of sociology，Its basic problems are mainly concentrated in two directions，One is the definition of concept，The other is an index of recognition。Here，The concept definition of our suspension of society，Pay attention to its identification issues，Although the two are inseparable。For experience research，Identify the invisible layered structure in the research field outside the characterization，is the first step that you must take for research。Some scholars have pointed out in the 1970s，Overcoming the weakness of socially stratified measurement，It should be the top priority of sociology。But until today，We still have not successfully completed this academic task。

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Since the 1920s, Cumita has tried to establish a professional reputation table，Social layered measurement models roughly have three paths。The first is the measuring table method，Evaluate a fixed -distance potential variable through a series of indicators，To indicate the state of the analysis unit in the social layer。where，Divided into the prestige meter、Social Economic Index、Social distance and social status quantity table four sub -categories，Including CAMSIS (Cambridge Social Interactive and Layout Tables)、CSP-CH (Swiss Social Professional Category)、Gurdspu class framework、ICAMS (International Cambridge Set)、ISCO-88 (Classification of International Occupational Standards)、ISEI (International Economic Index)、Duncan's SEI (Social Economy Index)、Treman's reputation table and White's class structure, etc.。For example，In the Occupational Power Law，The respondent sorted or scored each occupation bet365 Play online games within a established range，Through a fixed reference point and statistical analysis，Get a standard professional reputation covering all occupations。On the measurement index，The prestige schedule regards occupation as intermediary variables，Knowledge brought by education (independent variable)、Skills, etc. convert to income (due to variables)。Visible，They only examine income flow，Historical precipitation (that is, income library) and its appearance characteristics (layered phenomenon)。In terms of analysis technology，The measurement model of this path is mostly used in metering technology，Early exploration factor analysis，Later evolved into confirmation factor analysis。This，On the results of the analysis，These watches will rise from fixed -order variables into fixed -distance variables，There is no boundary between the levels of various social levels，There is no gap，From the measuring tool, the social reality you studied has become more "flowing"，Because individuals in any small difference in time or generation，All appear as a change。But this measurement model is not compatible with the concept of social layers，And，From level to occupation is also a process of concept drift。The second path is the cultural consumption method，It recognizes social layers through the consumption of cultural items，Its analysis method is to correspond to analysis or submarine model，The measurement result is a variety of categories with a clear boundary，Compared with the table method，With greater conceptual compatibility。But on the identification indicator，Cultural products as indicators at the level，Confliciated by supply，Also locality，Therefore, the measurement model does not have cross -cultural、Cross -country、Compared with cross -regional and cross -group。The third path is subjective identity method，It is a researcher set the level of social bet365 Play online games layers in the questionnaire in advance (generally 5 or 10)，Then let the subject choose the location of themselves on this social ladder。It assumes that the respondent has the consciousness and knowledge of identifying social layers，Therefore, being able to be competent to the measurement problem that researchers are passed on to their own。But the level of the social layered is the person's artificial setting，There is no theory、experience or interpretation basis，Therefore, it is the air tower。The response of the response to the fictional object due to attitude、Ability、Great fluctuations in knowledge and experience，Nothing has an individual comparability，The possibility of systematic deviation cannot be ruled out。

The advantages and disadvantages of the identification model above，On the basis of the second path，Re -constructed more conceptual compatibility (thus improving the theoretical validity of measurement)、More comparable new submarine models that identify social layered structures。On the selection of the measurement index，We take into account the income flow and income library indicators，Therefore, the time dynamic and precipitation effect of the social layering process was inspected。In the concept of wealth，We take into account assets and liabilities，Examine the resource characteristics of social layers from two directions。In the form of wealth，We take into account the physical indicators and currency indicators。In terms of social division，We have taken into account production、allocation、Consumption、Indications in the fields of secondary allocation，More comprehensive grasping the individual effects of social layers，That is the opportunity structure of individuals in different social fields。

Specifically，The indicators used in the new submarine model include operating income、Knowledge and technical income、Rent、Financial income、Social Security、bet365 best casino games Temporary income、nanny、luxury car、Harvest、High -end furniture、Treasury debt、Stock、Fund、Financial products、Savings、Number of housing sets、Bank loan and other income composition、17 variables in three aspects of consumption composition and asset composition (see Table 1)。These indicators are objective，At the measurement level，Only the number of real estate is a fixed -ratio variable，Others are two -point variables。In addition to sensitivity，They will not bring a great memory burden to the respondents，Data quality of the indicator based on the effectiveness of the identification model。What needs to be explained is，In income composition，New submarine model omit salary income，This is because of the example data used in this article，All interviewed objects have this income，Therefore, there is no longer distinction in this study。

On the analysis method，We use a submarine model。Although it does not assume the hierarchical characteristics of social layers，But the analysis unit can be divided into a submarine class with a large interval based on the selected indicators。As for the hierarchy between these submarines，We can determine whether there is a order between them from the parameter valuation between the submarine and the indicators，Therefore, "Is the concept of layered social layering in this study?" This application appropriate question，Avoid the social survey of Luman's criticism of creating its own experience and reality.。

　　Construction main identification indicators

The experience data used in the new submarine model comes from "China Urban Work Environment Survey" 2017 household survey data。It uses Liupu data to draw 60 urban areas from the nation's town as the main sample unit，Under each master sampling unit, 9 neighborhood committees are selected as a second -level sampling unit based on the size of the population of 16 and above，At each second -level sampling unit, 15 households are Bet365 app download randomly selected based on the on -site resident table as a third -level sampling unit，Each resident is randomly extracted as a respondent according to the random table。The total sample of the design is 8100 cases，The valid sample volume is 6873 cases。We weighted and rake the survey data，To eliminate the deviation of the coverage of the sampling box and the refusal deviation in the household survey，Parameter valuation is representative of the population in the cities and towns in mainland China in 2017。The results of the new submarine analysis indicate，Families in the employment field of Chinese town are at 4 different social levels，rich layers of 3.2%of all urban employment population in China、15.5%well -off layer、54.2%middle -class layer and 27.1%low production layer，The specific differences between them on 17 indicators，For details, please refer to the probability valuation between the submarine and indicators listed in Table 1。

Brief words，The wealthy layer and the well -off floor have significant differences in the asset library and the revenue flow，All are significantly higher than the latter two levels。The main distinction between the middle -class layer and the low production layer is not income flow，but the thickness of the bottom of the family。We can use the consumption level to distinguish the wealthy layer and the well -off layer，Differential financial assets distinguish between middle and production layers and low production layers，Use total assets to distinguish the first two layers and the latter layer。This can be seen，Town in China，The main identification indicators of social layers are the thickness of the bottom of the family、Diversity and stability of the source of income。

　　Has high external validity

According to the respondent's own valuation，The market value of the real estate owned by these 4 social levels is 3.7 million yuan, respectively、1.47 million yuan、700,000 yuan bet365 Play online games and 820,000 yuan，The market value valuation of the real estate at the latter two levels does not have statistically significant differences。The monthly per capita income of the family is 10378 yuan、5063 yuan、2945 yuan and 3403 yuan，The average value of the latter two levels does not have statistical significant differences。Personal monthly income is 11512 yuan、8439 yuan、4674 yuan and 4573 yuan，Between the first two、There are no statistical significant differences between the latter two，But there are statistically significant statistical differences between the first two layers and the latter layer。The market value of the real estate is the stock indicator of assets，Per capita monthly income and personal income of the family are the positive flow index of assets。Visible，The new submarine model has high external validity。

Based on education、Professional prestige measurement above skills and income did not accurately identify the structure of social layers。In this survey，The average professional reputation from different social levels is 54.0 points in turn、52.3 points、48.4 points and 45.7 points，The first two groups、There is no statistical difference in the two groups in the latter two groups，There are statistically significant differences between the two categories of the front and rear categories，Similar monthly income and personal monthly income。Different measures for the same concept，Professional prestige method has 57 values，minimum 19 points、maximum 81 points; new submarine models have only 4 values。Whether it is on the range or accuracy，The professional prestige method is too fine，The theoretical design of the concept is contrary to。

If we hand over the measurement task of socially stratified society to the respondent，Choice made by most research in China，So，The subjective score of the economic income of the industry at different social levels is 4.2、3.7、3.2 and 3.0，The minimum value is 1，The maximum value is 10，bet365 Play online games No subjective economic stratification scores without social stratification have statistically significant differences。Similar，The subjective scores from the social status of the industry at different social levels are 3.6、3.7、3.2 and 3.6，The minimum value is 1，The maximum value is 10，The subjective scores between each floor do not have statistically significant differences。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)