，Renaissance philosophy is a relatively weak link in the field of Western philosophy research in my country，As for the Italian Renaissance philosopher Giovanni Pico della Mirandola，1463-1494) research is even rarer。Professor Wu Gongqing's recently published book "Demonization and De-Demonstration: Pico's Magical Thoughts and the Birth of the Modern World"，Filling the gaps in related research fields。The author does not simply discuss bet365 mobile betting in terms of bet365 mobile betting，Instead, it places Pico’s magical thoughts in the context of ancient and modern times，Especially look at it from the perspective of the modern world picture and the emergence of modern natural science，Deeply dig into how Pico’s and even the Renaissance’s magical thought provided important impetus for the paradigm shift from pre-modern natural philosophy to modern natural science through its tendency to “operate”。

For a contemporary reader who has been baptized by modern rationalism，bet365 mobile betting hardly fits into the general impression we form about modern science。Generally speaking，Modern science is mainly based on mathematics and experiments，Using rational reasoning and argumentation as the fundamental construction method。And bet365 mobile betting is the same as witchcraft in our impression、Alchemy is the same，They often resort to irrational or even supernatural means to carry out their operations。Under modern rationalism and the “disenchantment” or “disenchantment” it causes，bet365 mobile betting is often regarded as superstitious and excluded from our daily language and life。But，Once we turn our attention to the pre-modern world，Especially during the Middle Ages and Renaissance，You will see a completely different picture of bet365 mobile betting。

As a unique way of thinking and activity，bet365 mobile betting in the strict sense is not an invention of Europeans，But it has its eastern origin。As Eastern religious factors penetrate into the West，Especially through scholars represented by the Neoplatonists in late antiquity, religion and philosophy were closely integrated，bet365 mobile betting has gradually gained a stronger sense of existence and existence in Western culture。Because bet365 mobile betting is believed to have the power to summon demons，Thus during most of the Middle Ages，bet365 mobile betting is always suppressed and difficult to achieve elegance，More spread in folk and private life。But，In the world of the Renaissance，bet365 mobile betting has come to the forefront of thought and ushered in its golden age，The Italian scholar Paolo Rossi even called the historical period from the 15th to the 16th century the "Age of bet365 mobile betting"。If we talk about the religious background of the Middle Ages，Theology considered a science，So during the Renaissance，In the same way bet365 mobile betting became a science。Of course，To say that bet365 mobile betting is a science is obviously not in the sense of modern mathematical science。Science (scientia) in the pre-modern period not only included in itself the natural sciences and humanities we call today，All knowledge, even revealed theology, is included within the broad scope of science。Any kind of research as long as it has its clear target，And follow the corresponding principles and principles to explore and achieve corresponding results，Then it is qualified to be called academic or science。

Although bet365 mobile betting, especially natural bet365 mobile betting, inevitably carries hidden contents，However, the examination and use of bet365 mobile betting does not violate reason，It does not contradict nature。Most Renaissance scholars believed that bet365 mobile betting needed to be based on rationality and natural philosophical inquiry，On this basis, the contemplation and operation of bet365 mobile betting on natural and divine forces can be realized。For that matter，bet365 mobile betting and modern science share common aspirations，That is, to perform an operation on nature and everything in the world。Such a configuration of bet365 mobile betting was an important way for people to deal with nature during the Renaissance。Before the emergence of modern scientific means of exploring nature，bet365 mobile betting provides people with direct means to deal with and control nature。Of course，The reason why this method was widely accepted by people of the time is inseparable from their concept of nature。When the idea of ​​nature has not yet been transformed into one composed of pure matter and governed entirely by mechanical laws，When people find that the nature in which they live seems to be full of various living forces and even magical，The existence and operation of bet365 mobile betting have its own applicability and effectiveness。And，The era when bet365 mobile betting was considered a science completely coincided with the founding and gestation era of early modern science。This situation has led to many discussions on the connection between the two。Among them，What caused the greatest repercussions was undoubtedly the proposition put forward by the British historian of science Yates，That is, "Renaissance bet365 mobile betting provides a new attitude towards the world，A kind of control of the world，Thus providing preparation for the birth of modern science”。But，This topic has also triggered heated debate，The key question involved is: what role did operations or activism play in the rise of modern science。

Unlike ancient Greek and medieval bet365 mobile betting which emphasized contemplation or contemplation，Modern bet365 mobile betting no longer emphasizes the contemplative dimension of bet365 mobile betting，On the contrary, practice, especially operation, is pushed to the foreground，And take it as its own distinctive feature。The operational tendency mentioned here can be understood from two aspects: first，The pursuit of scientific knowledge no longer simply relies on the observation of things，But to understand natural things by manipulating and changing them，It can even be said that bet365 mobile betting can only understand objects created by people。Secondly，Scientific research is no longer just about satisfying intellectual curiosity，No longer knowledge for the sake of knowledge；Opposite，The goal of bet365 mobile betting is to transform and utilize reality itself，Thus benefiting human life。If the second aspect of change is not completely new，Because pre-modern bet365 mobile betting since ancient Greece all aims at human happiness in a certain sense，The first aspect should then be considered thoroughly modern，Can even be regarded as an invention，This is what is commonly called the intellectual tradition of manufacturing theory。

When mentioning this tradition，The first thing we think of is the famous argument put forward by Italian philosopher Vico in "New bet365 mobile betting" that "people can only understand the civil world they create"。But，If we further expand our theoretical vision，You will see，This intellectual tradition of manufacturing theory is not the creation of 18th-century philosophers such as Vico，Rather, it has been adhered to by many thinkers as early as the 17th century and has become the principle on which they build their own knowledge systems。For example，Francis Bacon made it clear，Although we must first understand nature，Then we can explain and control nature，But the understanding of nature is not a simple contemplative knowledge，But based on observing nature，Through the manipulation and transformation of natural things, the inherent properties and laws of nature are revealed，Experimentation plays a key role。Compared to Bacon，Hobbes’s view is more radical，He believes that since we can only understand things through the causes of their occurrence，Then for natural things whose cause is God，We can only have very limited knowledge；What we can truly know and understand can only be things made by ourselves，Such as geometric figures、Political body、Social contract, etc.。Therefore，The intellectual tradition of manufacturing theory has been clearly established and concretely applied in the early modern period。

On the origins of this intellectual tradition of manufacturing theory and the broader operationalism，There are not many related studies，The study of bet365 mobile betting during the Renaissance undoubtedly provides us with a good idea。According to the traditional understanding of bet365 mobile betting，People may regard it as a superstition and completely exclude it from the scope of scientific research，Or regard it as pure contemplation and place it in the field of mystical theology or theosophy。But，bet365 mobile betting is obviously not just speculation，But it has an inherent tendency to practice and operate，Even a kind of phenomenal production within the scope of nature (but not the creation of miracles) through the recognition of natural and divine forces。Because according to Wu Gongqing’s opinion，There is a two-way interaction between the two tendencies to contemplate and practice bet365 mobile betting，That is, "contemplation→operation→contemplation→operation..." This two-way interactive relationship shows，Whether it is natural bet365 mobile betting or meditation on the mysteries of nature，Or a meditation on God and the divine mysteries through Kabbalah bet365 mobile betting，When they start contemplation based on the study of natural philosophy, they will inevitably lead to operations，The operation itself will lead us to further contemplation，And include the results of the operation in this further contemplation，Thus providing impetus for us to delve deeper into the mysteries of nature and divine beings。

Of course，Whether it is the intellectual tradition of manufacturing theory，It is still the operationalist tendency demonstrated by modern science，All related to the changes in early modern practical concepts。The core of this transformation is that practice is no longer limited to the realm of ethics and politics，Instead, use technology、Manufacturing and operations are covered within itself。But，The origin of this transformation is not in the early modern world。As early as the scholastic period，Aquinas already eliminated Aristotle’s strict division between practical science and creative science，And integrate practice and creation into a unified and broader concept of practice。Renaissance scholars did not regard contemplation as the highest ideal of scholarship and life from the beginning，Instead, it shows a more pragmatic spirit and practical orientation。The identity of Renaissance scholars (especially humanists) is not limited to university professors，But each has a special social occupation，And always devote themselves to social and political practice。And，Renaissance scholarship also extended far beyond the scope of churches and universities and unfolded in a broader social context。For example，Perspective, which had a profound impact on modern mathematics and painting, came from the painter's studio；Navigation and military needs have greatly promoted engineering design and technology application, etc.。So，The combination of practice and craft played a role in promoting scientific exploration during the Renaissance。This is an aspect that we need to pay attention to when exploring the manufacturing and operationalist tendencies of early modern times，Perhaps they should be examined along with bet365 mobile betting in the history of early modern science。

At the same time，Whether studying bet365 mobile betting，Still discussing the relationship between bet365 mobile betting and operationalism of modern science，We all have to face another problem。Although bet365 mobile betting always played an important role in European culture until the early 17th century，But once we turn our attention to Descartes, who was slightly later than Bacon、Hobbes、Boyle、Early modern philosophers and scientists such as Spinoza，You will find that the bet365 mobile betting almost disappears under their pen，Replaced by the new science and new philosophy they advocated with mathematics as a model，The "cognitive type" of the Renaissance that centered on similarity and contained bet365 mobile betting within itself gave way to the "cognitive type" that centered on analysis。Related to this is，A strict system of philosophical and scientific terminology replaced the mythical and magical narrative style of the Renaissance。This change is so drastic，Even quite suddenly，So much so that we have to ask how this transformation happened。Of course，This issue is beyond the scope of the current discussion to a certain extent and needs to be explained and illustrated by another more topical study。

　(The bet365 mobile betting is an associate professor at the School of Humanities, Tongji University)