China is one of the center of agricultural origin in the world。China's agricultural origin can be divided into two sources: First, the core of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River、Rice -made agricultural origin represented by planting rice; the second is to distribute along the Yellow River Basin、Northern dry work, represented by the two kinds of millet and mackerel of planting millet。Archaeological Discovery Discovery，There may be the third independent agricultural source source flow in China，is distributed in the Pearl River Basin area、Tropical original agriculture originally characterized by planting targets such as taro planting。

Agricultural Origin is a long socio -economic evolution process。Archaeological data display，The process of the origin of ancient Chinese agriculture has gone through thousands of years，Human cultivation behavior that appeared from 10,000 years ago，The establishment of agricultural society 5,000 years ago。Intera，The proportion of collecting hunting in human life is increasingly declining，The proportion of agricultural production is increasing，Finally agricultural production replace the collection and hunting becomes the main body of human socio -economic，It marks social development into the agricultural society stage。

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The domestication time of the main cultivation crops in the world today is that most of the time starts around 1000 years away，This is directly related to the global climate change from the end of the end of the world to the beginning of the world。Current，An ancient rice relics before 10,000 years ago in China unearthed from archeological sites from everywhere: Fairy Cave Site and Scroll Ring of Wannian County, bet365 Play online games Jiangxi、Yu Chanyan site in Dao County, Hunan Province，and the upper mountain site of Pujiang County, Zhejiang。Where，Fairy Cave、The bucket ring and the jade toad rock are the cave site，The site of the upper mountain is the open -air site，But only one suspected house relic，Explain that the ancient ancestors of this period were still in seasonal semi -settings。

A large number of animal bones were unearthed from archeological sites around the scene，The identification of them belongs to the remains of wild animals; the unearthed stone tools and bone wares belong to the hunting tools or processing tools，No clear farming tools were found。This can be seen，The socio -economic economy at that time still belonged to the collection of hunting stages。But，Rice relics were found in these archeological sites，For example, a carbonized rice was unearthed at the upper mountain site，The carbonized rice shell was found in the unearthed braised soil residues，and pottery production technology mixed with rice shells in the clay。Based on this speculation，rice has become an indispensable plant type in people's lives at that time，Ancient ancestors while collecting wild rice，It is very likely that some farming behaviors are started。

In the research of agricultural origin，Plowing is a specific concept，Various behaviors that humans take to help the growth of plants，such as flat land、Broadcasting seeds、Broadcasting seeds、Draft Management, etc.。Plowing behavior is the prerequisite for cultivating crops，It is also a prerequisite for agriculture，So the emergence of human cultivation behaviors can be used as a sign of the starting process of agriculture。

Around 8,000 years is the key stage of the origin of agricultural，The village settled all year round appeared，Gradual production is gradually standardized，The proportion of grinding stone tools continues to increase，Starting the real farming production bet365 best casino games and domestic animal breeding。

Current，Early archeological sites that have obviously found in rice agricultural characteristics in China belong to this period，For example, the Pengtou Mountain site in Yixian County, Hunan and the eighty -fold site、Cross -Lake Bridge Site in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang and the Xiahuangshan Site in Puzhou、Jiahu Site in Wuyang, Henan and the Baligan site in Dengzhou。These archeological sites are unearthed with rice relics，and indirectly reflecting farming production of field weed relics，At the same time, Lingjiao was unearthed、Lotus Root、Oaks, etc. Wild plant relics obtained through collection。Discovery based on quantitative analysis，Compared with the collected wild food resources，rice relics do not have obvious advantages。

Another，The remains unearthed from these sites are mainly wild animals represented by deer，The unearthed number of domestic animals is very small，Explain that the livestock breeding industry accompanied by the planting industry has just started。The origin of agriculture is a gradient process，In the early stage of this process，Although the ancient ancestors had been engaged in rice production，and start raising domestic animals，But the source of food still depends mainly on collecting hunting。The socio -economic subject at that time should be collected by hunting (fishing and hunting)，rice planting and domestic animal breeding in the field of agricultural production，Only auxiliary production activities。

Humatu culture between 7000 and 6000 years ago is of great significance for the research on the origin of rice -made agriculture，At the beginning of the 21st century, another archeological site was found near the Hemodu site，The Site of the Tian Luoshan。

Unusually rich plant relics were unearthed at the Tianluo Mountain site，Including rice、Lingjiao、Elatida、芡、South Sour Jujube Core、persimmon core、kiwi seeds and various weed plant seeds。Based on quantitative bet365 live casino games analysis，Rice was the most important food resource at that time at that time，But the acquired rubber、Lingjiao、芡 芡 is still an indispensable food composition。This shows that during the period of Hemudu Culture，Although rice production has become the main body of socio -economic，But it has not completely replaced the collection of hunting，Due to the low level of rice production at that time，Still need to collect hunting to supplement the source of living information。

The origin of the long rice -made agricultural origin process was finally completed during the Liangzhu culture period。Liangzhu Culture is the late New Stone Age of Two Lakes in the Taihu Lake area，Measured the age between 5200-4300 years。Liangzhu Culture Period，The number of archaeological sites in the Taihu area of ​​the Taihu area has increased sharply，Reflect that the population increases sharply，This should be directly related to the rapid development of rice agriculture。The core area distributed in Liangzhu culture is the Yuhang area of ​​Zhejiang，I found a magnificent Liangzhu Ancient City，Large -scale water conservancy projects were also found in the northern and northwestern parts of the ancient city，The amount of labor that these construction projects need to invest is very huge。

A regional ancient social group 5000 years ago has such a powerful social organization ability，Draw a large amount of labor for labor to engage in the production of basic living materials，Reflected that the agricultural production at that time has developed to a considerable level。Increasing area of ​​rice unit area，Only need to invest in some social members to engage in agricultural production to provide sufficient food for the whole society。This clearly explained，until late in Liangzhu culture or earlier，The transformation from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has been completed from the collection of hunting Bet365 app download to the rice -made agricultural society。

　　Origin and development of dry work in the north

The process of the origin of the northern drought agriculture is very similar to the southern rice agriculture，but slightly different。Limite cave in southern China is widely distributed、Good development，Archaeological discovered many cave sites at the end of the Paleolithic Age to the beginning of the Neolithic Times。But in northern China，A few archaeological sites belonging to this period，and most of them are open -air sites，For example, the Donghulin site in Mentougou, Beijing、Nanzhuangtou site in Xushui, Hebei、Henan's newly secret Lijiagou site、The Site of the Beach of Ji County, Shanxi。

Where，A small amount of carbonized millet grains were unearthed at Donghulin site。The area of ​​the Donghulin site is very small，I found that there are tombs、Stove pit and ash pit，But no room address was found，The unearthed animal bones are identified as wild animal relics。Obviously，Donghulin site ancient ancestors belonged to the semi -settled collection hunting group，But the unearthed carbonized millet grains explain，Donghu Lin people are likely to start farming Xiaomi。

Early archeological sites that are obviously found in northern China, which are obviously characterized by farming characteristics, also belong to this critical period around 8000 years.，For example, the Ci Mountain site in Wu'an, Hebei、Pei Ligang site in Xinzheng, Henan and the Sawo Li site、Yuezhuang site in Jinan, Shandong、Grand Bay site in Qin'an, Gansu、Xinglonggou site in Aohan, Inner Mongolia。

These archeological sites are more or less unearthed.。Discover through analysis，The ancient ancestors of this period have begun to engage in drought agricultural production of planting millet and crickets，But the collection of hunting activities is still the leading industry form。In other words，Early stages of the origin of drought agriculture，Social economy is also manifested as the main collection of hunting、Farming production Bet365 app download and livestock breeding, supplemented by livelihood models。

The Yangshao Cultural period between 7000-5000 years ago is a period of high -speed development of ancient culture in northern China，In Weishui Basin、Fenhe Valley、Yiluo River Basin and other large Yellow River tributaries found that there are more than 2,000 places during the Yangshao Cultural period，There are nearly a hundred places excavated。

Discovery of plant archaeological research carried out through archeological sites during the Yangshao Culture period，Early early Yangshao Culture, which was 6500 years ago，That is the Banpo period，Agricultural production has occupied an important position in socio -economic life，But the obtained diamond chestnuts were collected、Quinoa seeds and other edible wild plants，Still one of the food resources at the time。With the development of technology and society，The proportion of agricultural production gradually increases，The role of collecting hunting gradually decreases。When it developed to the middle of Yangshao Culture, which is 5500 years ago，is the Temple Dougou period，The necessity of collecting hunting is already insignificant，Drought agricultural production represented by the two kinds of millet and mackerel, finally replaced the collection and hunting，Become the main body of the social economy of Yangshao Culture，Entering the agricultural social stage of northern China。

Completion of the origin process of Chinese agriculture，After the south and the north enter the agricultural society stage，The production technology and production scale of rice -made agriculture continues to develop，But the production characteristics of rice as the main crops have not changed。But，Northern drought agriculture has another major change in the development process，About 4000 years ago，Wheat that originated in West Asia was introduced into China。With its excellent Bet365 lotto review high yield quality，Wheat has an impact on the two millets of Chinese natives and crickets in China，and gradually replace Xiaomi as the main agricultural crops of the northern drought agriculture。Since then, the Chinese agricultural production pattern of "South Dae -North Wheat" has been established for thousands of years，Live to this day。

(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)