Modern history of the world is the same as the overall world history，It is a young discipline in China，And is a foreign discipline。For a century，The modern history of the world has gone through formation、The process of growth and booming，So far has been leafy。But the development process is still continuing，Many problems need to be resolved。

　　bet365 live casino games Although everyone knows the concept of "modern history"，But the time limit has always been a problem。At the end of the 19th century，The Western History System was introduced into China，The installment method of history follows。Western history divided the history of human civilization into ancient (Ancient)、Medieval、Modern (Modern)，This is the division of the understanding of their own history by Westerners。Due to the strong position of the West in modern words，This division is spread all over the world，It also affects China's history of governing history。Since then，The Chinese academic community also divides the historical stage according to the three -point method，From this there is ancient history、Middle Ages、The saying of modern history。The starting point of modern history is roughly before and after geographical discovery，Before the Industrial Revolution, it belonged to "Early Modern"，In the future, it belongs to "modern" (modeln)。

After the founding of New China，The Soviet system replaces the Western system and becomes the standard of the historical stage of Chinese history.。From this，The starting point of "Modern" was moved to the 17th century British Revolution，The lower limit is the Russian Revolution in 1917。In the Soviet system，Added a new stage, "Modern"，It is marked by the 1917 Revolution: It was the era of capitalism，Later is the era of socialism。Bet365 app download New China was established to the end of the "Cultural Revolution"，"Modern History of the World" is defined as this。

After reform and opening up，New controversy in the historical stages of world history。The starting point of most scholars in recognition of modern history was at the time around the 15th and around the 16th century，Capitalism rose at that time。This view has been reflected in the historical textbooks of middle school。The concept of "Modern" is retained，The starting point is the October Revolution。

Recent，Some scholars and textbooks start to correct this statement，The starting point of "Modern" at 1900。This，"Modern History" is equivalent to the 20th century history。I don't think this modification is very reasonable: why should it be a unique historical stage in the 20th century，and 18th century、Isn't the 19th century? If you really want to keep "Modern"，May wish to use World War II as a sign。World War II ending Western hegemony，Since then, the ethnic liberation of the wind and surge，and the pursuit of modernization，Build an equal world。There is also an advantage based on World War II: it can be connected with Chinese historical stages; Chinese textbooks have set the establishment of New China as the beginning of modern Chinese history，This is roughly equivalent to the end of World War II。

　　Second, the system of modern history of the world.This problem is not only a problem in modern history of the world，It is also a question of the entire world history。China's World History Discipline is very late，It appeared after contact with the West in the 19th century，formally formed after the establishment of New China，It can be said that it is a new discipline introduced from abroad。So，It was affected by the foreign system at the beginning of development，After the reform and opening up, we started to explore our own subject system。

For a century，The world history system has experienced several changes。Before the founding of New China was the Western system Bet365 lotto review (mainly the British and American system) stage，The history of Western countries is equivalent to the history of the world，Especially the history of modern world history as several western powers，It constitutes the "Western Center theory"。After the founding of New China, accept the Soviet system，Remove the practice of only writing the history of Western powers，It includes the world as much as possible。But the Soviet Writing is to bring all countries、Write in history in various regions，then superimposed，This writing affects China。and，The Soviet system is centered on social form change，Rich noodles to human history rarely pay attention to。

After reform and opening up，World history has ushered in a booming situation，The writing system begins to diversify。On the one hand，Except the original Soviet system is still continuing，The system centered on the west also returns invisibly。On the other hand，Chinese scholars have begun to explore the world historical discipline system with Chinese characteristics，This is the most noteworthy phenomenon after reform and opening up，It is also the most valuable。In particular, it is necessary to mention the world history view of "from decentralization to the whole" proposed by Wu Yuzheng，This is a prominent manifestation of Chinese historians thinking about the historical system。According to this idea，Modern is the key time period of "from scattered to overall"，The emergence of capitalism is a key step。Exploration in other systems includes the perspective of cultural history、International pattern change perspective、Modern perspective、Global History Appearance, etc.。

In short，System problem is the core issue of modern history and even world history research。The gratifying is，After 100 years of growth，The Discipline of Chinese World History has finally begun to think about your own subject system。We must completely abandon the "Western Center theory"，In this aspect，Modern history is a heavy town。

　　Third, the boom of modern history.Chinese people contact the world history after the Opium War，It was a foreign knowledge at the time，Not becoming learning。From the first half of the 20th century，Someone starts to study foreign history as learning。These people are basically those who receive modern history training in Western countries (including Japan) and are familiar with the history of Western countries，The issues they care about are mostly related to the aggression activities of Western powers in China，That was determined by the background of the time at the time。So，History of China Foreign Diplomacy、History of colonialism has become the earliest research on world history in China，and basically belong to the category of modern history。other，There may be some introduction to Western political history、Books and articles in economic history，and a group of related historical translation works。In that era，World History has not been generally recognized，Scholars generally do not use it as the object of professional research。

After the founding of New China，This situation completely changed，The introduction of the Soviet system has played a key role。In the Soviet system，World History is an independent discipline，Chinese history disciplines in China also formed。But a major defect of the Soviet system is its narrowness，Taking class struggle as the outline。So，until the "Cultural Revolution" outbreak，my country's world modern history research field has always been relatively narrow，The topic is concentrated in the British Revolution、French Revolution、European Industrial Revolution、A few issues such as the American independence，Perspective of Soviet textbooks。After reform and opening up，The modern history of the world is the same as other disciplines，ushered in academic spring，The research field is greatly extended，The academic level is greatly improved，Professional teams continue bet365 live casino games to expand，Subsequent talents are endless。Development for decades，Make the world's modern history the most richer in the world's history、The most influential areas，Get widespread attention。

First，The research field is greatly extended。"Cultural Revolution" before，Under the constraint of the Soviet system，The topic covers a small face，Research results are rarely，The papers published publicly every year may be less than two digits，Generally involves only a few big powers in Europe and the United States，Rarely involved countries outside Europe and the United States。After reform and opening up，The situation is greatly changed。Now，There are hundreds of modern historical papers published every year in public，Publishing monographs and translation dozens or even hundreds of books。Its content not only involves traditional politics、Economy、Diplomacy, etc.，and extend to society、Culture、Medical、Disease、Art、Environment and other areas。Geographical range is also greatly expanded，South America、Africa、Southeast Asia and many other regions to become the object of attention of scholars。

Next，The academic level is greatly improved。"Cultural Revolution" before，The objective conditions of world history research are relatively insufficient、Materials Lack、Reference Book Old，There is basically no communication with foreign countries，Cold in the academic atmosphere，Difficulties are really big。After reform and opening up，These problems are solved，At least in the field of modern history，The reserve of the original archives is no less than the history of Chinese，The convenience of its request is more than in Chinese history，This is even more like entering the era of the Internet。Comprehensive openness of communication、Large spread of various information、The hard work of our scholars，All promoting academic research levels are booming。In some areas of modern history of the world，Chinese scholars have been able Bet365 app download to make parallel dialogue with scholars corresponding to the country，Highly recognized by foreign scholars。

Last，Professional teams continue bet365 live casino games to expand，Subsequent talents are endless。The college entrance examination system and the graduate system are recovered，The discipline of the World History has been successively followed by people。For decades，The world's modern history of modern history who cultivates and returned from studying in my country has reached thousands of people，Among them, a group of people who got the first degree，It is now the leader of the field。They trained generations of students，Live Fire，Make the world's modern history research showing the potential of star fire，Its achievements are also widely known in society。

　　Fourth, the direction of the world's modern history.For a century，The development of modern historical disciplines in the world develops in difficulties、forward in the twists and turns，Get attention achievement，But there are still deficiencies。

First，The influence of "Western Center theory" still exists，Disciplinary system that has not yet formed Chinese characteristics。Construction of the discipline system with Chinese characteristics is the common task of colleagues in the academic community，Also long -term task，We need to work together。

Next，Research coverage is still not wide enough，It is manifested on the region，The proportion of big powers is still high; it is manifested on topic selection，Many historical areas have not been explored。So，Need to expand the coverage，In particular, we must strengthen research on non -Western countries and regions。

again，Affected by various factors at home and abroad，Fragmentation phenomenon appears in the historical community，Modern history of the world is no exception。Fragmentation is characterized by the denying system，Treatment of stop at small and micro details，Lack of historical macro view。This is very unfavorable to history, especially bet365 live casino games the study of modern history in the world，Should avoid。In the modern world of changing the situation，Without a macro understanding, it is difficult to have a micro narrative。You must pay special attention to this problem。

Last，What exactly happened to the world in the past few hundred years，Do not treat Western history as world history。Past，People express the changes in the West as changes in the world。can now rethink this question，As a result, a world modern history of the world that is more in line with historical truth。

　　(The author is a professor at Boya, Peking University、Dean of the State Institute of Peking University and National Research Institute、President of the Chinese British History Research Association)