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During the development of Marx's thoughts，The diagnosis and criticism of modern civilization constitutes its theoretical motivation for constructing the historical view of materialism。"Civilization"，As a theoretical concept，In the early Marx's ideological explanation, it is always opposite to "barbaric"，In its broad sense, it is equivalent to the total name of a specific era。In the "Introduction to" Hegel French Philosophy "，Marx once pointed out，"Our era is the era of civilization"，That is, the age of generation and specified in the spread of capital logic。Marx has made the following diagnosis of this civilization form: "It makes people's objective essence as some kind of external、Separation of things with things，It does not think that the content of human content is the real reality of human。"This paragraph with strong Hegel philosophy in" The Manuscript of Economics and Philosophy of 1844 "is transformed into an alienated labor: separation of people from their own labor products，Separate the production process at the same time，Eventually, with another person (that is, capitalist), it is relatively resistant。As a result, the perfect the product created by workers，Workers themselves are more abnormal，The object created by workers is more civilized，Workers themselves off -the -way。"The dialectical relationship Bet365 lotto review between civilization and barbaric constitutes a effective theoretical entry point for Marx to criticize contemporary society。Civilization，It does not mean that the value judgment is completely affirmed，It becomes a capital logic、The general name of the new era, which is compulsory for progress，In a sense, it becomes a starting point for the history of Marx's materialist history.。

Marx's materialist history view is not in a strict sense of historical philosophy。Although it puts forward interpretation of different perspectives for the evolution of the entire human society，But for the historical view of materialism，The more fundamental problem is: to change the possibility and reality of the existing world of life，"For the materialist of practice, that is, the communist，All the problems are to make the existing world revolutionize，Actually opposing and changing existing things "。This means，The logical starting point of the historical view of materialism is the existing real life now，And how its theoretical purpose is to establish a new era on the basis of changing existing things，This era is for young Marx，Can be called socialism or communism。Marx's barbaric or civilized form of human society is all based on the demands of this "change world"。Just the change of this pair of world，The fundamental thing that is different from the imaginative socialist and all speculative theorists is that he starts from the existing critical object，That is, starting from the "civilization era" that we have lived in the present。Marx has a more dialectical theoretical perspective on the "civilization" bet365 best casino games he criticized，This dialectics presents the birth of civilization in the context of materialist history and self -aversion to its development。Under the perspective of the historical view of materialism，The motivation to fundamentally promote a civilized form that is opposite to brutal is the actual production and labor of people。For this，Marx has specifically pointed out the difference between "naturally formed production tools" and "production tool created by civilization"，That is, what the former shows the dominance of the individual's nature，The latter shows "the control of labor products"，It is manifested as "accumulated labor that is the rule of capital"。In other words，For Marx，The birth of civilization does not mean a state that people enter the original state of Ru Mao drinking blood -although when he talked about the conquest of ancient civilizations to be conquered by barbarians, it really contains the possibility of understanding civilization -but As far as the focus of research on the historical view of materialism，The era built by the rule of capital is only a representation of the civilization form.。Marx's materialist history is based on the analysis and criticism of such a unique civilized form。So，In the different stages of the development of human society，The prerequisite assumption contained in capital logic assumes that it becomes a core main line of the process of civilization。

The birth of the era of civilization is only the principle of labor that can only be universally available in a capitalist society，That is the interpretation of the division of labor and spiritual labor，Basic content of all history bet365 Play online games throughout the history of civilization，Including breakthroughs in the regional nation、National issues and other issues can only be highlighted as an object that needs to be studied in a capitalist society，That is national、The state only shows its unique historical significance only in the confrontation with the society。In other words，A true civilization form，In the vision of Marx's materialist view, it is typically manifested as the era of capitalism。Because of this，Marx's attitude towards the "civilization" era is destined to be dialectical。On the one hand，Marx in the scientific research process of capital logic，Always keep concern to the suffering of workers struggling under capital logic。This concern is finally turned into a confrontation logic between capital and labor，Permination of Political Economics Criticism, represented by "Capital theory" in the late period。On the other hand，Marx has never deserved the positive role of capital logic on the evolution of human civilization: the bourgeoisie "" the productive forces created in the less than 100 years of class rule，More productivity than all the past eras created in the past，More big "。Coupled with the inherent motivation of the bourgeoisie's continuous innovation of social relations，So，Although every pore in this particular civilization is blood and dirty things，But it has become a positive driving force for the continuous evolution of human civilization。

Self -dialectics based on the birth and evolution of this civilization，The possibility and reality of a new civilization form are destined to show a dialectical dimension。bet365 best casino games So，In Marx's vision，The formation process of the formation of any new civilized form is always a process of playing with capital logic。The process of this game is destined to be because of different regions、Different cultures are completely different。such as，Facing modern colonialism，Especially for discussions such as Indian colonial issues，Marx shows a unique dialectical perspective: "Britain must complete a dual mission in India: one is the mission of destruction，that is to eliminate the old Asian society; the other is the mission of reconstruction，That is to lay the material foundation for Western -style society in Asia。"Marx even gives a positive evaluation of Britain's construction of railways in India，It is believed that the latter helps to promote the civilization process of India。But obviously the process of this civilization is just a simple replication of the type of civilization based on the capital logic，instead of the birth of the new civilization type in the real sense。

For a new possible civilized type of exploring，In Marx's theoretical perspective, it is a kind of blend of expectations for future expectations and current capital logic。It is more typically reflected in Marx's discussion on the modern road of backward Germany and whether the Russian commune can cross the Kavin Gorge。The common feature of the two old society is，They are behind the era of civilization dominated by capital logic。The difference between them is，In the backward Germany，Marx discovered its misalignment in the connotation of civilization, that is, the German federal government is a civilized type that contains all bet365 Play online games modern political fields and the barbaric defects of the old system。For Marx, which has not been able to conduct in -depth political economics，Liberation of behind Germany requires a special class that takes all suffering，I hope to rely on some of the radical political revolution to complete the reconstruction of the new civilization form。But the beacon of the European Revolution in 1848 denied the feasibility of such a main revolutionary road，After a systematic criticism of political economy, it has been again behind how Russia built a new civilized real issue，Marx perfects a dialectics of the evolution of new civilization: on the one hand，Marx's letter to the "Editorial Department of the Motherland Chronicle" clearly denies the historical overview of the origin of Western European capitalism as the general road for the development of the entire human society。On the other hand，However, many limited conditions were added before the feasibility of the Kavin Gorge of Russia across the capitalism，Among them, it still includes the same coexistence of Western production with the world market，This actually means that Russia still needs a kind of capitalized production method to provide it with the material basis necessary for the new civilization form。Only above this material，Public ownership inherent in the Russian commune，and many measures to abandon the old civilization in cooperation and labor can only get true meaning。

Marx's materialist view as a theoretical exploration of building a new type of civilization，Contains a specific civilization era，That is the abandonment of the capitalist era，bet365 live casino games and the fusion of inherent civilization with different regions。Dialectics of Marx's theory of civilization enables it to eventually provide a practical and special solution for the construction of new civilization in different regions。

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of the School of Humanities of Tsinghua University)