Before 16th century，South America's Andes Mountains developed a unique ancient civilization -Inca civilization，It is known as the three major ancient civilizations of the Americas with Mayan civilization and Aztec civilization。Inca civilization has shone brightly in the long river of human history for thousands of years。

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The origin of the Inca civilization can be traced back to the Andes culture that flies at the 5-4th century BC.。The Andes is one of the few independent civilizations in history。Human beings have entered the Andes area of ​​South America about 12000 years ago，After thousands of years of nomadic and farming life，Cultivation and planting corn、Potato、Sweet potato、Pumpkin、Tomato、Peanut、Chili、Gu Ke、Cancle、cotton and quinoa crops，also domesticated alpaca、Big Alpine、Duck、Guinea pig and dog，and gradually develop textile technology、Metal smelting processing、Stone architecture and terrace technology。People in the coastal areas settled first，A large and small cultural settlement，After thousands of years，Production relations from self -sufficient communes to slavery society，Formed a large number of small countries，laid the foundation for the emergence of the Inca Empire。

About 12-13 centuries，A tribe who lives at the height of the Andes migrate to the Cusco Valley in southeastern Peru，Settled and developed agriculture，Cities built，Established the kingdom of Cusco as the capital。Only after more than 200 years of operation，This tribe uses military and political means，Expansion to the Bet365 lotto review surroundings forms a powerful empire covering most of the Andes Mountains。The territory of the Inca Empire is roughly today's Peru、Argentina、Colombia and Chile，The population is about 9 million to 16 million。Although the Inca civilization has not been able to develop wheels、Iron smelting、text and currency，Lack of large -scale beasts，But can still stand out and develop to a higher degree of civilization，Thanks to the efforts of the time and the time of the past and the past few generations。

　　The amazing rise of the Inca Empire

Archeologist Brian Bauer found thousands of unknown Inca sites in the Cusco Valley in the 1980s，revealing the rise of the Inca Empire is about 12th century。As early as 1100 years,，Due to the severe drought in a century, the small country of the Peruvian heights is to compete for the water source，Make the original country decline，Refugee San。and fertile land around Cusco、In the valley with sufficient water，The Incas have gradually formed a dozen small countries that can carry out organizational defense。Between 1150 and 1300，Climate -warming grain output increased in Cusco，Finally became a unified kingdom。As the temperature rises，Inca farmers have reclaimed more terraces on the hillside，Raise the cultivation line 200 to 300 meters，The Incats Construction of Water Conservancy Project irrigation crops，Added harvest。With the surplus of food, you can develop arable land，Construction military engineering、Road and supporting the army。Expressing over time，The national strength of the Inca Empire is also continuously enhanced，It annexes or mergers by accelerating marriage and deterrent means。The Inca Empire continues to expand around the starting point from the city of Cusco，Until the final unified Kusco area。

Since then, the Inca bet365 Play online games monarchs of the past dynasties have turned their attention to the fertile Khaka Lake Basin in the south。There are several powerful small countries in the Kazaka Lake area，The total population is about 400,000，rich cultivated land and large alpaca and alpaca。Big alpaca can be equipped with 30,000 to 40 kilograms in the mountains，Big alpaca and alpaca can also provide meat and fur。Liangtian and Camel in neighboring countries are a symbol of strong national strength，It is also a potential threat of Inca。About mid -1400，The most powerful monarch in the history of Inca -Pa Chakutc Inca Epanty Kai began to conquer to the Kazakh Lake。After a cruel war, the small country in the Kazakh Lake area was finally defeated，Laishes a solid foundation for the establishment of a unified Grand Empire for the Incats。1471，Pakkatk's successor Tupak Inca Yutan Kai expanded the empire to a wide range of 4,000 kilometers。So far，Just 200 years，The Andes area has risen rapidly a powerful empire -the Inca Empire。The Incae called his country as "Tawantinsuyo"，It means "the place of the Quartet"。Turning out with the city of Kusco，Linking to the National Highway to contact the border of the Empire。The term "Inca" means "king" meaning，is the highest ruler of Tawantin Su You。

　　Index's developed performance

First，Inca in the field of engineering technology，such as architecture、Road repair and terrace technology reflect a high degree of civilization。

The Inca's architectural technology is superb，Unique stone masonry craftsmanship is exquisite。This process is to repeatedly milling the rock out of the geometric plane structure，Perfectly bite the huge stones and stones，Do not use any mortar bonding，and the gap is tight to insert the blade。There are a large number of walls of such technologies in the famous Machu Picchu site，Despite the destruction Bet365 app download of many large earthquakes，The structure is still very stable。The city was built in the middle of the 15th century，A total of more than 400 stone houses，There are temples and palaces，Abandoned after a hundred years of use。The largest urban site in Inca is the city of Iskaaa, Canyon, Kazakh Hubei，Tens of thousands of people during the Inca Empire。The Incat also built many palaces and royal gardens。When building a garden, it often pushes hills，Dry the swamp，Building terraces。other，The Incat also built a warehouse for the barn and air -dried storage food，Can save food for a long time，It also explains the development of the construction technology of India and Canada。

The achievements of the road cultivation of the Inca people have attracted attention。The Inca Highway connects all parts of the empire from the capital as the starting point，Including about 8,500 kilometers of main roads and 30,000 kilometers of branch trails。Road Network of the Inca Empire，Crossing 15 kinds of landform zone，Mostly built on the complex terrain of the Andes Mountains，It can be imagined for its difficulty。but but，Incats invented the Teng Man cable Bridge Technology。Use the huge vine woven cable bridge，It can span dozens of meters of river and deep valley。Construction towns along the way、The design of the station and barn was very advanced at the time。

The technology of building a terraced field in the Inca people reflects the degree of its civilization。The Incas are built through the construction of a reservoir、The canals and terraces solve the agricultural problem of the Andes mountain area。The steps of the terraced field are composed of the retaining wall built by stones，The retaining wall can store water and keep it，You can also suck energy during the day to slowly release，Failure bet365 Play online games to crop growth，It is particularly prominent in the severe cold and dry areas of high altitude。The heyday of the Inca civilization，The terrace system covers the entire 1 million hectare of land in Peru。Inca farmers have mastered high altitude planting technology，about 70 crops，and potato、Main food such as quinoa and corn provides sufficient food for this huge empire。

Next，The Incas are in food storage、Medical Technology、Astronomical knowledge has reached advanced level。The dehydration and frozen technology invented by the Incats，It can store potatoes for 3-7 years。Coupled with the technology of long -term storage of quinoa and corn in a ventilated stone house in high -cold areas，The Inca can effectively respond to the grain production and famine brought by the drought year。Medical aspect，Anesthesia and "T" Copper Surgery Knife，and craniotomy surgery surpassed other countries of that era。Archaeological Discovery，The traces of artificial cutting and bone growth on the Inca head，Explain that after surgery for many years。in astronomy、Calendar and Mathematics，The Incat established an observation platform，Test 365 days and 6 hours a year，Formulate the solar calendar and the lunar calendar。The Incat uses 10 -in -production units，and adopt a color knot rope notes called "QUIPU) to record history and calculation mathematics。

other，Incats in metal processing、Textile technology is also more advanced。Although there is no iron smelting technology，Danic Metal processing technology is more developed，Such as copper、Gold、Silver、Lead、tin、Switching of mercury，Crystal mercury will also be used to purify gold。The Incat's weapon、Intelligence and metal tools are generally copper or copper alloy，Jewelry is generally processed bet365 live casino games with gold and silver。The gold and silver jewelry processing technology of the Inca people reached the level of the European Renaissance。Due to a large amount of gold，The Inca Empire is also called the golden empire by Europeans。The level of textile technology of the Inca people is also very high，The history of its spinning yarn can be traced back to 2000 BC，Both wool textiles and cotton textile products are made fine，Exquisite pattern。Many of the textiles unearthed 1000 years ago were recognized as a miracle of ancient weaving technology。

　The sudden disappearance of the Inca civilization

After two or three hundred years of glory，The Inca civilization suddenly declined。The most important reason for its decay is civil strife、Plague and Spain Invasion。Inca monarch has the highest power，But the throne inheritance often causes internal fighting，At the end of the 15th century，After the death of Tupak，Through the throne of the throne，Vaisa Capak (1493-1525) ascended，died of infectious diseases in 1525，Inca once again fell into a longer throne to compete for internal fights，The Spanish invaded Peru in 1532。In the next decades，Spanish colonists killed the emperor and supported the puppet，Not only brought infectious diseases to Inca，It also plundered the gold of Inca，Burning the "Qipu" that records history，and take away the mummy of the emperor symbolizing the ancestor worship。In the subsequent turbulence，The huge road network of Inca、Grain、Temple and Manor slowly fall into deserted。The Spaniards at a very small price，The Inca Empire, which has conquered the 10 million people，Inca civilization quickly moved towards decline。

Archaeological discovery，People today have gradually revealed the glorious history of Inca civilization。With the development of archeological history Bet365 app download research，The degree of development of the Inca civilization is gradually knowing the world。Inca civilization has contributed many knowledge to the development and progress of human civilization，It is not only a treasure of ancient South America，It is also the treasure of ancient civilization around the world。

　(Author is an associate professor at Marxist College of Qiannan National Teachers College)