1918 Big Influenza is the largest global A -type H1N1 virus large population experienced by the new coronary virus global popular.。Big flu originated from bird flu，Originally passed from wild birds to water birds like wild ducks，Maybe there are chickens and pigs。These animals then spread the virus to those who are the most likely to get in touch with these animals。March 1918 The cooking soldier in the Kansas Camp in the United States, Albert Jachel, was considered by many researchers in the United States and Britain as the zero patient with this big flu。After that，The virus further mutated more fatal，And with the concentration of the U.S. army and large -scale exported to overseas in the European battlefield with the first World War，Gradually sweeping global。Facing the sudden unprecedented epidemic attack，Governments of various countries caught off guard，Scientists and medical resources in various countries are not ready。Europe and the United States are involved in World War I，All put the war in the first place。Especially U.S. under the goal of President Wilson to win the "Wars of the War"，I did not fully mobilize the federal resources to control the epidemic。At that time, the prevention measures of various states in the United States were uneven，Various statistics show that this epidemic has led to more than 700,000 deaths in the U.S.。Due to lack of scientific preparation and poor social governance means，According to the estimation of researchers of medical history，The number of people who died in the 1918 influenza in the world between 50 million and 100 million，This big flu is a creative pain that can never be erased in human history，Later scholars generally attach more attention to summarizing the historical lessons of 1918 Big Fluid，Try to find scientific and cultural reference from it、Social governance case。

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early at the beginning of the epidemic，Scientists want to find the origin of the epidemic，So as the right medicine、Containing the spread of the epidemic creation to create favorable conditions。But limited to scientific ability at that time，Scientists during the popular period have not been able to make a reasonable interpretation of the origin of the epidemic。Even back with the scientific road，Some scientists、Clinician based on one -sided experience，Reporting scientific report，and use this as the material，Released many misleading assertions。At the same time，The life of the epidemic sweeps the lives of ordinary people has been greatly impacted，So in some of the ingenious and all kinds of media boosts that are unscrupulous with bloggers，During the Popularity period，Relevant public opinion is constantly fermenting，Pushing the overall understanding of the American society for the origin of the epidemic to the edge of the anti -scientific cliff。

Except the well -known "Spanish flu", the fallacy is called，1918 Big Influenza，There are still several other geographical traceability.，Far -influence。

During the Popularity，The American pathological community determined that the "last global infectious disease" occurred in the bet365 best casino games Far East of Russia。November 1918，Dr. Corrier wrote an article pointed out，The epidemic originated in Russia in 1910，then introduced through Harbin to North China。Under the premise that there is no evidence to support Correte's conjecture，The US newspapers soon released the news that the US newspapers were published on the title "Russia should be responsible for this"。January 1919，With the American media, the October Revolution scornly referred to as the "political influenza" of Bolshevik，And maliciously compares the international influence of the revolution with the situation of influenza: "Our enemy in the past few years -Russian influenza with obvious Bolshevik tendencies，The more poetic name of ‘Spanish flu’ is camouflage。"March 1920，The first director of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research, Frexner reported at the American Medical Association Conference: "Some excellent reasoning believes that the birthplace of influenza is Eastern Europe，Especially the border area between Russia and Turkey。Many influenza cases recorded in the case are more or less from here，Some of the recent influenza in history can also be highly determined to trace back there。"The scientific hypothesis of the Family was overly interpreted by the media once released。There are newspapers threatened "Fluid was born in Russia"，There are also news that "Eastern European epidemic areas -many popular popularity can be scattered from there"。At first glance，Fahrenheit turned into the spokesperson of "Russian flu"，But what he mentioned is just an unconfirmed scientific hypothesis，to deviate from the scientific track，It is the deliberate speculation of unscrupulous media。

During World War I，The hostility of the United States for Germany also spread to the public health field，Many questioning rumors appeared in the society。September 1918，The New York Times continuously published a consecutive journal: "People tend to maintain the hatred of this disease and war and nationalist emotions together，Trees of Germany accusing Germany's trenches or submarines the birth of this evil disease。"In fact，During the epidemic situation, the fallacy in the United States about "Germany is the origin of plague".。For example, a medical scientist Heshberg once talked: "Spain is a popular scapegoat ... the disease originated from the German trenches"，He also called here: "Doctors and scientists of the allies are seriously considering whether the bacteria of this disease are deliberately spread by the German government，to weaken its enemy。"Stone County Commercial Daily" played with the topic: "If you go back to the cause of this disease in the country，We believe they will call it German flu ... There is no doubt，German agents and spies passed the germs to us。"" Almost at the same time，An anonymous person in Sheng Paulo, Shengle, Minnesota disclosed to the local newspaper，Some doctors and nurses are German spies，Delled by deliberately spreading influenza bacteria。But after verification，The above messages are purely nonsense。At that time, there were even "poisonous gas theory" for Germany。December 1918，"Dallas Morning Post" reported the speculation by Chicago Doctor Crovt，He believes that the atmosphere of the earth has been contaminated by the toxic gas that deliberately synthesized bet365 Play online games by the German War Lab。It is reported that this theory "points to the world's anger to Germany，Germany has not only become a provocative of the war，The releaseer of poison gas，Then this disease，Make the world a victim "。

Taking China as the source of diseases is a deep mindset in the American public opinion。During the epidemic，Many American public opinion has followed the 200,000 Chinese workers sent by China to the front，It is believed that they brought in the "Northeast Plague" in the 1910s。There is a US news that "the name that is more suitable for this disease should be‘ Chinese flu ’。"at the same time，On the occasion of Chinese cholera in the summer of 1919，There are US media reports that "big flu，and all other plagues that exist in the universe are produced in Asia，They are like wings and wings，With the spread of civilization to the West "。During the epidemic，The most influential "China Origin" narrative，James King, known as the "American Military Doctor"。At the end of 1918，Golden published the long story of the "Chinese Plague" that shocked four seats。Once published，"Influenza is really an plague" and "Diseases from China" public opinion storm sweeps the United States。"Washington Post" threatened to "influenza popularity is the mistake of the Chinese!"，Modern Chinese Outstanding Medical Doctors、Successful command extinguishes the leader of the Northeast Planet in the 1910s, Wu Liande，The series of fallacies of James Kim in the "North China Jie News"，strongly hit some unreasonable rumors of some American public opinion。

Late time，Individual American medical journals traced the origin of influenza back to Europe。A survey in July 1919 in the "American Medical Association Magazine"，Fluid has been in Spain in early 1918、France and even British popular。Research and judgment through the analysis of germs and changes in the time axis of the infection rate，Medical experts point out，The so -called "Spanish flu" may be from the transition from the severe local infectious diseases widespread in France。After the American soldier arrives in Europe，Due to the inability to adapt to the environment、Decrease in immunity，This kind of local disease also invades the soldiers，From this spread to more regions。The American "Internal Medicine Magazine" has also published a report on the relationship between the US military and the flu.，It mentioned: "When looking for the origin of any major epidemic disease，It must be realized that this disease is not every time it is ‘completely re -appearing’，For a disease that had been widely popular before，This is particularly important ... such as black death、cholera and yellow fever，It is known that there is a longer period of time in some local epidemic sources，Suddenly start spread，Even a big popularity appears。"This article also mentioned，According to the Spanish report from April to June 1918 to June，The Italian Navy began an outbreak in early May。Overall，Due to political blindness and similar race，1918 During the Big Influenza period, the "European traceability" of the American public opinion is relatively rational、Calm，There is no too many prejudice distortions in general、Tampered。

　The post -epidemic era seeks scientific traceability

During the Popularity，The above four kinds of self -conflict geographical traceability always exist，In the absence of the Bet365 lotto review absence of the authority of the U.S. government and public health institutions，This kind of narrow nationalist view continues to ferment in American society，Confusion audiovisual，Obstained the overall process of US resistance。

But scientific issues can only depend on scientists to find the truth in the scope of scientific logic。The popularity is not over yet，Some people of insight have begun to criticize these traceables without scientific basis。January 11, 1919，"Phoenix Tapers" front page published a long article against influenza racism，The author pointed out: "No matter what other allegations are proposed to the influenza virus，It must have no race and skin tone bias，That is, it attacks those who are suitable for its attack，The race of the victims without the victim、skin color，or the level of development of society。"" At the same time，U.S. Federation and Government at all levels、University and Scientific Institute have also launched a variety of preliminary influenza traceability work。But，Since the virus was not born at that time，The construction of the pathological system is incomplete，Traceable work has progressed very slowly for a long time。

until 1933，Smith、Andrews、Three British scientists in Ledlars，Successfully rinse the throat of the filtered influenza case，Enter Cedar in the nasal dripping intoxica。This batch of ferrets quickly appeared after the average incubation period of two days、Flowing nose and other obvious influenza symptoms。This breakthrough study allowed humans to realize the first time in history that there is still a smaller virus in the infectious disease and microorganisms in the infectious disease，This has opened a road for the animal experiments of influenza virus research on medical scientists，A leap that brings the scientific traceability of large flu。

between 1933-1940，A、Type B flu virus has been successfully identified。1942，American virusist George Herst and his team successfully completed the body's ticking of chicken embryo virus and antibodies，and take the lead in titting influenza hemagin (HA) and neuropinerase antibodies (NA)。The achievements of Herst were considered by later scholars as a milestone in the research of human influenza virus -it laid the technical foundation for the biological research of influenza virus。Also in 1942，British military doctor Gil in South Africa finds a detailed investigation and found，Influenza virus can spread from the host's upper breathing tract to new patients。Gil's research further expands the research space of influenza epidemic -based in infectious disease。With the continuous progress of the precision instrument detection of the virus detection，The depth and breadth of the research of influenza virus are different。1947，Dr. Taylor from New York from the fever patients with respiratory diseases，Separate a different kind of influenza virus。The following year，Dr. Francis in Michigan also extracts a type of "new influenza virus" from the patient，The material rotation is named "type C influenza virus"。So far，Spectrum and virus "portrait" of the main influenza virus of human beings basically complete，Big Influenza's virus profession trace the source of all aspects。

Since the middle of the 20th century，The scientific traceability of the 1918 Big Influenza took the "Dongfeng" of the new bet365 live casino games scientific system -1953，Scientists in the United States and the United States co -proposed the dual spiral model of the molecular structure of deoxyrum phyticacucleic acid (DNA)，Life Sciences into the "Gene Age"。Application of genetic technology for the traceability of the 1918 Big Influenza，It has irreplaceable changing significance。

1967，Peter Dusberg of the University of California Berkeley took the lead in completing the RNA reconstruction of the influenza virus。1969，Paul Brown and other scientists from the National Institute of neuroshisa take the lead in order to sequencies the results of the virus gene，It is speculated that the pathogenic source of the 1918 influenza or a virus similar to type A influenza。1977，British scientist Charles Campbell and others conducted genotype analysis of the influenza virus in Hong Kong at that time，It is highly similar to the virus that the virus is high in 1918。1997，Jeffri Tomimoto at the Institute of Military Pathology，From the lung tissue of a dying soldier of a sick soldier during the 1918 Big Influenza，Separate related virus，and the sequence of 9 virus RNA fragments was determined on 4 DNA fragments。Tao Benberg team and their predecessors John Haldin returned to Alaska，Dig 4 remains dying in 1918 in the permanent frozen layer。In a body named "Lucy" by a scientist，Tao Benberg's team successfully collected a good quality 1918 large influenza virus RNA sample。Based on this，Between 1997-2005，Tao Benberg's team has successively determined the complete gene sequence of 1918 major influenza virus。So far，The 1918 Big Influenza's "Mystery of Life", which has troubled the whole human beings for more than 90 years, finally unveiled the thickest layer of "veil"。

Beyond the traceability of the dimension of the virus，From time、The traceability of the geographical perspective has also achieved considerable progress。First, scientists use hemoglobin glycoprotein detection，Basically determined that the 1918 Big Influential Virus originated before 1918，Its key protein reorganization is most likely to occur around 1915。The upper push of time makes the 1918 large flu "origin" search very difficult。But from the current discovery，A preliminary consensus of a preliminary consensus between the American and British medical scientists and the historians of medical sciences is 1918 Big Influenza began in Harxier County in Kansas, USA。Although there are scientists who have different views on this，But scientific hypothesis based on empirical rather than some rumors，It has completely denied the stigmatization fallacy based on political needs and racism。

　Draw scientific experience from historical alert

Looking back on the stigma of the 1918 influenza，Looking back at the scientific traceability process of all sectors of the United States since the epidemic，Many important historical alerts are still deafening so far。

First，To make full use of cutting -edge cutting -edge technology to find the true and credible、Logic complete virus traceability evidence，Make it rationally understanding the popularity of infectious diseases。At the same time，To do a good job of fully and rigorously explained，Make evidence focusing scientific rather than politics。Related work is both the responsibility of the science popularization industry，It is also the common mission of all related institutions with bet365 Play online games the epidemic traceability。

Next，Virus has no borders，Science No Borders。Only scientists from all countries are independent of the outside world interference，Working with a systematic professional survey analysis，Only scientists from all countries are independent of the outside world interference。1918 Big Influenza，Some scientists with self -procure racial superiority have created many narrow and ridiculous traceability views。On the surface，This is the result of incomplete scientific research，Deeply examine the most fundamental cause of these chaos，is still the raging of isolationism in scientific research。On the other hand, the later scientific traceability process，Not only many national scientists have participated in work one after another，Even the source of the space of the main sample and the case，Also all over the world。This fully illustrates the scientific epidemic traceability，After all, you must rely on global unity to work together to truly realize。1918 Big Influenza，The "Global Fluestion Planning" that emerged at the same time became the earliest global public health monitoring network。other，The World Health Organization is also cyclically compiled "Global Influenza Prevention and Control Strategy" (the latest version is 2019 to 2030)，Related actions are regarded as an irreversible split、Overall that cannot be isolated，Proposal calling global resources、Movement of countries around the world，Common infectious diseases that have a deeper influence on human health and well -being together。From this view，Whether it is the pathogen traceability，Still public health defense，Fluent and other global infectious diseases are popular.，It is also continuously strengthened、History opportunities for deepening the community of human health and health and even human destiny community。

again，Any epidemic traceability of any infectious disease，All research starting points must be clarified before acting，Therefore, accurately position "who trace the source"。It aims to find the origin of the origin of the infectious disease at the level of biological levels is the pathogen traceability，The goal of the related work is to investigate the pathogen of the pathogen，and the mechanism of infectious disease invading the human body and spreading to interpersonal。Vision of this traceability work，Focus on the relationship between man and nature，Not suitable or not should be misappropriated to the judgment of the internal relationship between human society、Disposal。Pay attention to the geographical traceability of the process of spreading the spread of infectious diseases，It aims to cross -border the epidemic、Global Communication provides a scientific basis。Its scientific discovery，It is a fact that is not affected by human will，Unavailable as condemnation、Discuss the so -called "evidence" at the original point of the epidemic "initial point"。The most important thing is，Just as the exact geographical origin of the 1918 influenza is still not determined to date，The geographical traceability of any infectious disease can only be local、General、Phaseral，It cannot be ruled out beyond the "outbound point" speculated by scientists，There is a place where there is an early epidemic but unknown。Those who try bet365 Play online games to use the geographical traceability of the epidemic，This is an extremely important warning，Because there is a possibility of "moving stones and smashing your feet"。

1918 The most important enlightenment left to the people today is that the epidemic trace the source of the epidemic is not a "accountable claim debt"，Instead, it is for the scientific "war"、The global nature of human health and well -being、Public Welfare Work。It should be advocated to establish a set of "International Convention on the Source of Viruses" that is compatible with the current principles of international law。Under the multilateral diplomatic model centered on the United Nations (WHO)，Equality、Frankly、Scientifically promoting the traceability of the virus of infectious diseases。As early as May 2015，The World Health Organization organized and compiled the "Proposal of Naming New Diseases in Infectious Diseases"，In view of the lesson of diseased diseases in history，Call for global scientists、Health Department、The media should avoid adverse effects on a country or individual due to the name of the disease。But，Lack of lack of compulsory international law，"Proposal for Naming of New Diseases" for some countries、Institution、Individual irresponsible virus traceability statement，It does not play a limit or punishment function。China as a responsible country，There are reasons to lead，Proposal with stronger binding force、Active "International Convention on the Source of the Virus"，Promoting the excellent tradition of "Propaganda Proposal of New Development infectious Diseases"，Let the virus、Epidemic traceability Return to science，Let the scientific virus、The epidemic traceability has continuously enriched the connotation and extension of human destiny community on the prevention and control knowledge system of major infectious diseases。

　　(The author is a professor at the Department of History of Shanghai University; Assistant Researcher at the Global Issues Research Institute of Shanghai University; Assistant Researcher at the Center for Drugs and National Security Center of Shanghai University)