The 1918 influenza is the largest global H1N1 virus pandemic that humans have experienced before the new coronavirus global pandemic。Pandemic originated from avian influenza，Waterfowl originally passed down from wild birds to wild ducks，Possibly chickens and pigs。These animals then spread the virus to the people who are most likely to come into contact with these animals。Albert Gitchell, a cook in the Kansas military camp in the United States in March 1918, is considered by many American and British researchers to be the patient zero bet365 best sports betting app pandemic。After this，The virus mutates further to become more lethal，And it spread in the European battlefield with the concentration and large-scale dispatch of American troops overseas in World War I，Gradually sweeping the world。Facing the sudden and unprecedented attack bet365 best sports betting app epidemic，Governments were caught off guard，Scientists, the medical community and medical resources in various countries are not prepared。Europe and the United States are involved in the world war，Everyone puts winning the war first。Especially under President Wilson’s goal bet365 best sports betting app United States to win the “war to end all wars”，Federation resources have not been fully mobilized to go all out to control the epidemic。At that time, each state in the United States had different epidemic prevention measures，Various statistics show that the epidemic has caused more than 700,000 deaths in the United States。Due to insufficient scientific preparation and poor social governance methods，According to estimates by medical history researchers，The number of people who died from the 1918 influenza in the world is about 50 million to 100 million，This pandemic has become a pain that can never be erased in human history，For this reason, later generations of scholars generally paid more attention to summarizing the historical lessons bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza pandemic，Trying to find scientific culture that can be used as a reference、Social governance case。

　　The undercurrent of geographic bet365 best sports betting app tracing

As early as the beginning bet365 best sports betting app epidemic，Scientists hope to find the origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic，So as to prescribe the right medicine、Create favorable conditions to curb the spread bet365 best sports betting app epidemic。But it was limited to the scientific capabilities at the time，Scientists during the pandemic failed to provide a reasonable explanation for the origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic。Even contrary to the scientific path，Some scientists、Clinician based on one-sided experience，Misinterpretation of scientific reports，And use this as material，Published many misleading assertions。Meanwhile，The lives of ordinary people have been greatly affected by the epidemic，So with the help of some people with ulterior motives and all kinds of media who do anything to gain attention，The geographical origin of influenza in the United States during the pandemic is undercurrent，Relevant public opinions continue to ferment，Pushing American society’s overall understanding bet365 best sports betting app origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic to the edge bet365 best sports betting app anti-scientific cliff。

Except for the well-known fallacy of "Spanish Flu"，During the 1918 bet365 best sports betting app pandemic，There are several other types of geographical origin tracing that are widely circulated，Far-reaching influence。

During the pandemic，The American pathological community determined that "the last worldwide infectious disease outbreak" occurred in the Russian Far East。November 1918，Dr. Currier wrote an article，The epidemic originated in Russia in 1910，Then passed to North China via Harbin。Without any evidence to support Currier’s conjecture，Soon, an American newspaper published news with the title "Russia should be responsible for this"。January 1919，Some American media scorned the October Revolution as the Bolshevik “political flu”，And maliciously compared the spread of influenza to the international impact bet365 best sports betting app revolution: "Our old enemy in the past few years - the Russian Flu with obvious Bolshevik tendencies，Disguised under the more poetic name of 'Spanish Flu'。”March 1920，Flexner, the first director bet365 best sports betting app Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research, reported at the American College of Physicians Congress: "There is some excellent reasoning that the origin of influenza is Eastern Europe，Especially the border area between Russia and Turkestan。Many recorded cases of influenza originate from here，Some influenzas in recent history can also be traced there with a high degree of certainty。”Freud’s scientific hypothesis was over-interpreted by the media as soon as it was released。Some newspapers claimed that "the flu was born in Russia"，There are also news claims that “Eastern Europe is an epidemic area—many documented pandemics spread from there”。At first glance，Freund became the spokesperson bet365 best sports betting app "Russian Flu Theory"，But what he mentioned was only an unproven scientific hypothesis，Causing it to deviate from the scientific track，It is a deliberate hype by unscrupulous media。

During World War I，The United States’ hostility towards Germany has also spread to the field of public health，There are many doubtful rumors in the society。September 1918，The New York Times published a series of articles criticizing: "People tend to associate this disease with war hatred and nationalistic sentiments，Accusing German trenches or submarines of being the source of this evil。”In fact，During the epidemic, the fallacy that "Germany is the origin bet365 best sports betting app plague" emerged one after another in American public opinion。For example, medical scientist Hershberg once said: "Spain is just a scapegoat for the pandemic...the disease originated in the German trenches"，He also encouraged this: "Doctors and scientists in the Allied Powers are seriously considering whether the germ of this disease was deliberately spread by the German government，To weaken its opponents。" "Stone County Business News" took advantage bet365 best sports betting app topic and said: "If we trace back the reasons for the spread of this disease across the country，We believe they would call it German Flu...no doubt，German agents and spies passed the germ to us。”Almost at the same time，An anonymous person in St. Paul, Minnesota disclosed to the local newspaper，Some doctors and nurses were German spies，Shot for deliberately spreading influenza germs。However, it was found after verification，The above news is pure nonsense。There was even a "poison gas theory" targeting Germany at that time。December 1918，The "Dallas Morning News" reported Chicago doctor Croft's speculation，He believes that the Earth's atmosphere has been contaminated by poisonous gases deliberately synthesized in German war laboratories。Reports say this theory “directs the world’s indignation towards Germany，Germany not only became the instigator bet365 best sports betting app war，Still the releaser of poisonous gas，Which led to this disease，Making the world a victim”。

Regarding China as the source of disease is a deeply rooted thinking habit in American public opinion。During the epidemic，Many American public opinion focuses on the 200,000 Chinese workers sent by China to the front line，It is believed that they brought the bacilli bet365 best sports betting app "Northeastern Plague" in the 1910s。Some US news said: “A more suitable name for this disease should be ‘Chinese Flu’。”At the same time，During the cholera epidemic in China at the turn bet365 best sports betting app summer and autumn of 1919，Some American media reported that "the flu"，And all other great plagues in the universe originated in Asia，They seem to have wings，With the flow of civilization, it spreads to the west"。During the epidemic，The most influential “Chinese origin” narrative in American public opinion，Created by James King, known as "American Military Doctor"。End of 1918，Jin published a long speech on the "Chinese Plague" that shocked everyone。Once the article is published，The public opinion storm that “the flu is actually the plague” and “the disease originated from China” swept across the United States。The Washington Post, after learning of King’s assertions, threatened that “the influenza pandemic is China’s fault！”It’s worth noting，Outstanding medical scientist in modern China、Wu Liande, the leader who successfully directed the fight against the plague epidemic in Northeast China in the 1910s，Publicly refuted James King's series of fallacies in the "Beihua News"，Effectively countered the groundless rumors spread by some American public opinion。

　Later，Some American medical journals trace the origin of influenza to Europe。A survey in the Journal bet365 best sports betting app American Medical Association in July 1919 showed that，Influenza was already in Spain in early 1918、Popular in France and even the UK。Through the analysis of pathogens and the study and judgment of changes in infection rates on the timeline，Medical experts pointed out，The so-called "Spanish Flu" may have evolved from a serious endemic disease that was widespread in France。After American soldiers arrive in Europe，Due to incompatibility with the environment、Reduced immunity，This endemic disease also invades the bodies of soldiers，Spread to more areas。The American Journal of Internal Medicine also published a report on the relationship between the US military and influenza，It says: “In the search for the origin of any pandemic disease，It is important to realize that the disease does not always ‘completely re-emerge’，For a disease that has been widespread before，This is especially important...like the Black Death、Cholera and Yellow Fever，It is known to have existed in some endemic foci for a long period of time，Suddenly started spreading，Even a pandemic。”This article also mentioned，According to Spanish reports from April to June 1918，The outbreak began in the Italian Navy in early May。Overall，Due to political affinity and racial similarity，American public opinion’s “European origin” during the 1918 influenza pandemic was relatively rational、Calm down，Overall, there are not many bias-based distortions、Tampering。

　Seeking scientific traceability bet365 best sports betting app post-epidemic era

During the pandemic，The above four contradictory geographical origins always exist，In the absence of an authoritative explanation bet365 best sports betting app epidemic from the US government and public health agencies，Such narrow nationalist views continue to ferment in American society，Confusion，Hindering the overall progress bet365 best sports betting app United States’ fight against the epidemic。

But scientific issues can only rely on scientists to seek the truth within the scope of scientific logic。The pandemic is not over yet，Some knowledgeable people have begun to criticize these traceability methods that have no scientific basis。January 11, 1919，The Phoenix Tribune published a long article against influenza racism on its front page，The author states: “Whatever other accusations may be made against the influenza virus，It is certainly free of race and color bias，That is, it attacks those who are suitable for its attack，Irrelevant to victim’s race、Skin color，Or the development level bet365 best sports betting app society you live in。”Meanwhile，U.S. federal and all levels of government、Universities and scientific research institutes have also launched various forms of preliminary work on tracing the origin bet365 best sports betting app pandemic。However，Because virology had not yet been born at that time，The construction bet365 best sports betting app pathology system is not yet complete，The traceability work has been extremely slow for a long time。

Until 1933，Smith、Andrews、Three British scientists from Laidlaw，Successfully filtered throat rinse of influenza cases，Introduced into the ferret via nasal drip。This batch of ferrets developed fever quickly after an average incubation period of two days、Obvious flu symptoms such as runny nose。This breakthrough research enables mankind to realize for the first time in history that there are viruses smaller than bacteria in the world of infectious disease microorganisms，This opens the way for medical scientists to conduct animal experiments in influenza virus research，A leap forward in scientific tracing bet365 best sports betting app pandemic。

1933-1940，A、Influenza B viruses have been successfully identified。1942，American virologist George Hurst and his team successfully completed in vivo titration of chicken embryo influenza virus and antibodies，And took the lead in titrating influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase antibodies (NA) with a photoelectric densitometer。Hearst’s results were considered by later generations of scholars as another milestone in human influenza virology research—it laid a technical foundation for the biological research of influenza viruses。Also in 1942，British military doctor Gill in South Africa discovered through detailed investigation，Influenza virus can be transmitted from the upper respiratory tract bet365 best sports betting app host to new patients。Gill’s research further expands the research space of influenza epidemics based on infectious diseases。With the continuous advancement of precision instruments for virus detection，The depth and breadth of influenza virus research is changing with each passing day。1947，Dr. Taylor from New York from febrile patient with respiratory illness，Isolation of an unusual influenza virus。Next year，Dr. Francis of Michigan also extracted a "new influenza virus" from a patient，The substance was immediately named "Influenza C Virus"。To this point，The genealogy and virological “portraits” of major human influenza viruses are basically completed，The professional tracing bet365 best sports betting app virology bet365 best sports betting app pandemic influenza is increasingly equipped with various foundations。

Since the middle bet365 best sports betting app 20th century，The scientific tracing bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza pandemic took advantage bet365 best sports betting app "east wind" bet365 best sports betting app new scientific system - 1953，British and American scientists jointly proposed a double helix model bet365 best sports betting app molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)，Life sciences enter the "gene era"。Application of genetic technology to understand the origin bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza，Irreplaceable and transformative significance。

1967，Peter Duesberg bet365 best sports betting app University of California, Berkeley, took the lead in reconstructing the RNA of influenza viruses。1969，Scientists such as Paul Brown bet365 best sports betting app National Institute of Neurology in the United States took the lead in sequencing the virus genes based on the results，It is speculated that the cause bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza may be a virus similar to influenza A。1977，British scientist Charles Campbell and others conducted genotypic analysis bet365 best sports betting app Hong Kong influenza virus at that time，Proposed that the virus is highly similar to the 1918 influenza virus。1997，Jeffrey Taubenberger, United States Military Pathology Institute，From the lung tissue of a soldier who died at Fort Jackson during the 1918 influenza pandemic，Related virus isolated，And the sequences of 9 viral RNA fragments were determined on 4 bet365 best sports betting app DNA fragments。The Taubenberger team and senior John Haldin return to Alaska，The remains of 4 people who died bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza were dug up from the permafrost。Inside a body named "Lucy" by scientists，Taubenberg’s team successfully collected high-quality 1918 influenza virus RNA samples。Based on this，During 1997-2005，Taubenberg’s team has successively determined the complete genetic sequence bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza virus。To this point，The "mystery" bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza pandemic that has plagued all mankind for more than 90 years has finally unveiled its thickest "veil"。

In addition to tracing the source in the virological dimension，Since time、Tracing origins from a geographical perspective has also made considerable progress。First, scientists used hemagglutinin glycoprotein detection，It is basically certain that the 1918 influenza virus originated before 1918，The recombination of its key proteins most likely occurred around 1915。The upward push of time makes it very difficult to find the "origin" bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza pandemic。But judging from the findings so far，A preliminary consensus among American and British medical scientists and historians of medical science is that the 1918 influenza pandemic began in Haxell County, Kansas, USA。Although there are scientists who have different views on this，But a scientific hypothesis based on evidence rather than some rumors，The fallacy of stigmatization based on political needs and racism has been completely rejected。

　Draw scientific experience bet365 best sports betting app historical vigilance

Review bet365 best sports betting app stigmas surrounding the 1918 influenza pandemic，Looking back at the scientific origin tracing process of all walks of life in the United States since the outbreak，Many important historical warnings are still shocking to this day。

First，We must make full use of cutting-edge technology to find out what is true and trustworthy、Logically complete virus traceability evidence，Make it a material for rational understanding of infectious disease pandemic。At the same time，It is necessary to do a thorough and rigorous popularization explanation，Make the evidence focus on science, not politics。Relevant work is the responsibility bet365 best sports betting app science popularization community，It is also the common mission of all institutions related to epidemic traceability。

Secondly，Viruses Know No Borders，Science without borders。Only scientists from various countries are independent from external interference，Work together to carry out systematic and professional investigation and analysis，Only in this way can valuable virus traceability be finally achieved。During the 1918 influenza pandemic，Some scientists who rely on their own sense of racial superiority have created many intolerant and absurd origin-tracing views。On the surface，This is the result of incomplete scientific research，A deeper look at the root causes of these chaos，Isolationism is still rampant in scientific research。Looking back at the subsequent scientific tracing process，Not only scientists from many countries have participated in the work，Even the spatial sources of main samples and cases，Also around the world。This fully demonstrates the scientific traceability bet365 best sports betting app epidemic，In the end, only global solidarity and cooperation can truly achieve this。After the 1918 influenza pandemic，The "Global Influenza Program" that emerged as a result became the earliest global public health surveillance network。In addition，The World Health Organization also periodically prepares the "Global Influenza Prevention and Control Strategy" (the latest version is from 2019 to 2030)，Related actions treat human beings as one indivisible entity、A whole that cannot be isolated from each other，Advocate calling global resources、Mobilize countries around the world，Work together to deal with influenza, an infectious disease that has a profound impact on human health and well-being。Viewed from this，No matter the source bet365 best sports betting app pathogen，Public health precautions，Global infectious disease pandemics such as influenza are a huge challenge to human survival and development，It is also constantly strengthening、The historical opportunity to deepen the human health community and even the community with a shared future for mankind。

AGAIN，Tracing the origin of any infectious disease pandemic，Everyone must clarify the starting point of research on "what is the source" before taking action，Thus accurately determining “who to trace the source to”。The traceability that aims to find the origin bet365 best sports betting app occurrence of infectious diseases at the biological level is pathogen traceability，The goal of related work is to investigate the occurrence of pathogens，And the mechanism by which infectious diseases invade the human body and spread from person to person。The vision of this kind of traceability work，Focus on the relationship between man and nature，It is not appropriate and should not be appropriated to judge the internal relationships of human society、Under disposal。Focus on the geographical origin tracing bet365 best sports betting app spatial process of infectious disease spread，Aims to cut off the cross-border epidemic、Global communication provides scientific basis。His scientific discoveries，It is a fact that is not affected by human will，Not to be used as a condemnation、The so-called “evidence” that denounces the “original” origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic。The most important thing is，Just as the exact geographical origins bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza pandemic remain uncertain，The geographical traceability of any infectious disease can only be partial、Approximately、Phasic，Cannot be excluded from the "outbreak point" speculated by scientists，There are places where the epidemic occurred earlier but are unknown。For those who try to frame and smear others by tracing the geographical origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic，This is an extremely important warning，Because it is entirely possible to "shoot yourself in the foot"。

The most important revelation from the study bet365 best sports betting app origins bet365 best sports betting app 1918 influenza pandemic is that tracing the origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic is by no means a “recovery of debts” from any aspect，But to "fight the epidemic" scientifically、Worldwide for human health and well-being、Public welfare work。We should advocate the establishment of an "International Convention on Virus Traceability" that is compatible with current international law principles。Countries must adopt a multilateral diplomacy model centered on the United Nations (WHO)，Equality、Frank、Scientifically promote virus tracing of infectious diseases。Back in May 2015，The World Health Organization has compiled "Recommendations on the Naming of Emerging Infectious Diseases"，Given the lessons of historical disease stigma，Calling global scientists、Health Department、The media should avoid using the name of a disease to adversely affect a country or individual。However，Limited to the lack of coercive force in international law，"Recommendations on the Naming of Emerging Infectious Diseases" will take effect in some countries、Organization、Personal irresponsible statement on virus traceability，Does not serve as a restriction or punishment。China as a responsible big country，There is every reason to take the lead，Propose stronger binding force、Normative "International Convention on Virus Traceability"，Carry forward the fine tradition of "Recommendations on the Naming of Emerging Infectious Diseases"，Let the virus、Tracing the origin bet365 best sports betting app epidemic back to science，Let science be a virus、Epidemic traceability continues to enrich and expand the connotation and extension bet365 best sports betting app community with a shared future for mankind’s knowledge system on the prevention and control of major infectious diseases。

　　(The author is a professor of History Department of Shanghai University；Assistant Researcher at Shanghai University Institute of Global Issues；Assistant Researcher bet365 best sports betting app Center for Drugs and National Security, Shanghai University)