mobile bet365 beings are animals with strong independent initiative。Agency as a traditional philosophical topic，Long-term attention from domestic and foreign academic circles。Although the research on agency in the field of psychology is still relatively short，But many new theoretical clues and implementation paths have been discovered。Current psychology research on agency in ontology、Epistemological issues and their subjective and objective mechanisms, etc.，Important progress has been made in both basic theory and research methods。With cognitive psychology、The emergence of research results on agency represented by positive psychology and cultural psychology，It breaks the "nihilization" of traditional research on agency、Ambiguity” situation，Highlighting the unique value advantages of psychological research。

　　Subject initiative and mobile bet365 psychological essence

Discussion on the subject’s initiative，First of all, we face the problem of how to understand the essence of mobile bet365 psychology。Modern Western philosophy once attached great importance to the analysis and demonstration of mobile bet365 subjective psychological "sensitivity" issues，Considering that qualia is the essence of subjective consciousness，The core issue in studying subjective psychological phenomena is to find "how objective feelings are transformed into subjective perceptions、Consciousness problem”，However, there is a serious problem of "interpretation gap" in how to objectively study subjective phenomena。American philosopher Nagel once proposed that objective scientific theories must give up subjective characteristics。The more perfect the objective science is，The further away from subjectivity。Therefore，The gap between the two types of concepts, objective and subjective, is difficult to bridge，And this is a fundamental problem in adhering to materialist research principles。In Nagel’s opinion，Subjectivity or "feelable properties" are necessary attributes of mobile bet365 psychological consciousness，No subjectivity, that is, no psychological activity at all。Even the simplest mobile bet365 sensory phenomenon，It is also a "subjective feeling"，Otherwise, the level of mobile bet365 feeling is not much higher than that of an insect or a plant。Subjective sensitivity is the "added value" added by the mobile bet365 brain to the original sensory information data，There is no universally recognized principle of scientific objectivity。And emphasizing objectivity will inevitably miss subjectivity，Modern natural science cannot explain subjective psychological problems，The same is true for cognitive functionalism。Studying psychological activities must be based on ontology、The field of epistemology and methodology considers the establishment of content that contains some non-biological subjective feelings。Only by harmonizing and unifying objective truth and subjective truth，In order to reveal the key characteristics of mobile bet365 subjective psychology。

In recent years，Cognitive psychologist Wegener concluded that，The essence of the mobile bet365 mind is concentrated in two aspects: one is sensitivity，The second is initiative。He emphasized，“Facts prove，Mental abilities don’t all come together。Opposite，People view the mind in terms of two fundamentally different factors，We call these two mental faculties qualia and agency”。Different from the philosopher’s claim，Contemporary psychology incorporates agency into the category of essential attributes of subjective psychological activities，Considers that “the subject of agency is not feelings and emotions，But think and act。The mental abilities that constitute agency are our abilities、The basis of intelligence and action。In the process of action and achieving goals，It is mental activities that demonstrate mobile bet365 agency”。This theory of psychological agency，Promotes subjectivity more effectively、The philosophical debate on subjective initiative develops in the direction of scientific argumentation，And further revealed the relationship between the agency mechanism and many psychological activity elements by conducting specific experimental studies。

Current，Cognitive psychology research generally advocates the agency theory of "subject-object interaction"。Generative epistemology proposed by Piaget, a representative figure in cognitive psychology，Once regarded subject initiative as the process and attribute of the development of cognitive construction。In Piaget’s view，mobile bet365 knowledge arises from the interaction between subject and object。mobile bet365 being the subject of knowledge is not a mechanical acceptance system，But he has been in active activities since birth，The schema of mobile bet365 instinct is updated and developed in the process of constant assimilation and adaptation，Only through this can the process of individual understanding be realized。Bandura, the founder of social cognitive theory, also emphasized the value function of mobile bet365 agency as a mediator。According to Bandura’s point of view，mobile bet365 beings are self-organized、Proactive autonomous control system，Activity enables people to consciously play a role in their own functions and their environment。He advocated the establishment of an agency model of subject-object interaction，That is, environment (E)、Interactive determinism between person (P) and behavior (B)，Think that mobile bet365 beings are in such a three-dimensional interaction system，Play a role in one’s own behavior and the external environment。At the same time, he further proposed，The metacognitive ability to reflect on oneself and the adequacy of actions and thoughts is the most central attribute of agency。Bandura’s discussion of key variables of agency such as structural elements of self-efficacy，has a fairly general meaning，Not only plays an important role in improving people’s cognitive abilities，And it enhances people’s emotions、Also provides positive functions in terms of belief level。It can be clearly seen，Today’s psychological research on agency no longer remains at the abstract level of theoretical speculation，But turn to better serve psychological research and contemporary mobile bet365 daily life。With the development of agency theory and the continuous accumulation of experimental method results，Issues such as the nature of agency and the mechanism of psychological processes，Will get more clear and complete answers in the new era。

　　mobile bet365 organizational activity mechanism of subject initiative

About how to give full play to people’s initiative，Another key area of ​​discussion is the discussion of the structural elements of the subject’s psychological agency。The subjective psychological structure of mobile bet365 beings is nothing more than knowledge、情、meaning、Row selection and overall optimization issues。No correct understanding，It will damage people’s subjective initiative。without a certain emotional tendency，It is impossible to have objective cognition and action。know、情、meaning、The unity of action is the foundation of the mobile bet365 soul。But the disharmony and imbalance between knowledge and action are often the norm。As a psychological research with attributes of both natural science and social science，Obtained many noteworthy positive leads on internalism。

The mechanism of cognitive activities is the field with the richest academic achievements in scientific psychology research，Especially the research orientation of cognitive psychology represented by the mainstream trend of thought in the development of modern psychology，It also contains rich active cognitive thoughts。Piaget’s theory of genetic epistemology，On the one hand, it highlights the dual construction of internal and externalization of subject activities and the two-way processing process of object information，Demonstrates the issue of people’s initiative in the process of understanding；On the other hand, it focuses on revealing the acquisition mechanism of objectivity of cognition from the perspective of cognition generation。Piaget creatively proposed it from the perspective of developmental psychology，The development of individual cognitive initiative and wisdom requires the development of its way of thinking as the premise and foundation，He empirically summarized the four stages and operating mechanisms of individual cognitive development from the perspective of individual cognitive development level，And regard formal operations as abstract logical thinking as the highest level of mobile bet365 cognitive development。Research results show，Children and adolescents around 11 years old，About 9% have reached the cognitive thinking level of formal operations，Most 14-year-old teenagers can achieve the main indicators of logical thinking。Later researchers discovered，Piaget overestimated the cognitive level of formal operations in children and adolescents，The survey found that only 22% of American college students have reached the level of formal operation thinking。Piaget’s proposition that “the subject’s continuous exertion of initiative is a necessary condition for obtaining cognitive objectivity”，It is compatible with the epistemological viewpoint of dialectical materialism，In Philosophy、An important pioneering work in the history of psychology，Also exudes the light of dialectics。Neo-Piagetians continue the tradition of genetic epistemology，At the same time, many additions and adjustments have been made to the classic psychological development theory。Keyes et al. found through a series of empirical studies，Teenagers after mastering formal operations，Cognitive development is not complete，Because this level of cognition is not enough to deal with the various complex problems they face。Analyzed by Case and others，Individuals also have a "post-formal operational stage" that goes beyond the fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive development stages，That is, the dialectical operation stage characterized by the emergence of dialectical thinking。In various stages of cognitive development of children and adolescents，There is also "single follow、The psychological activity orientation characteristics of these sub-stages of dual attention and vector attention。Neo-Piagetism is based on affirming the continuous influence of mobile bet365 genetic factors on children’s development，Explores the dynamic level of personal skill development in educational settings，Expands the research scope of ability and skill construction process to mobile bet365 life。Current neo-Piagetian discussion of psychological agency，There has been a trend from the cognitive and psychological field of the subject to the behavioral skills activity field，That is, a new stage from “promoting action through knowledge” to “promoting knowledge through action”。

The mechanism of emotional activity has now been regarded as another hot topic in the study of mobile bet365 subject agency。Emotion research has been an eye-catching field in the past ten years。While modern psychology is undergoing a “cognitive revolution”，An emotional revolution of “hot cognition” also broke out。In particular, new results in emotional psychology research represented by positive psychology and cognitive neuroscience，Greatly promoted the rise of emotion research worldwide。Seligman, the founder of positive psychology, believes，Although modern scientific psychology can help people understand and treat mental illness，But it also makes people’s active characteristics greatly ignored。Current psychological research should not ignore people’s positive power，It should not be limited to mobile bet365 endurance and survival activities。Seligman defines agency as “an individual’s belief that they can influence the world”，It consists of "cognitive efficacy、Optimism and Imagination" consists of three parts，And emphasized that this is a key area of ​​current positive psychology research，Among them, positive cognition and positive emotional experience are the key core issues。In recent years，Seligman began to focus again on the discussion of the relationship between subject agency and mobile bet365 progress，Believe that subject initiative as a psychological state can directly or indirectly lead to the progress of mobile bet365 individuals and social history。Frederickson, the founder of the Emotional Expansion-Construction Theory, also injected new vitality into the study of emotions，This scholar was hailed as "a genius in the field of positive psychology" by Seligman，In recent years, studies have been conducted using cardiovascular activity associated with specific behavioral tendencies as indicators，Proof that positive emotions can “undo” the physiological changes caused by negative emotions，Under the influence of positive emotions，People are better able to complete tasks、Improve yourself，Inspiring intelligence、Development of social and other personal resources，And then put yourself on a positive development track。When people experience positive emotions，Can expand your understanding of your own environment，This in turn helps build relationships。Example，Add together the “small moments of happiness”，Will create a series of positive effects。“If we could experience 5 times more positive emotions than negative emotions，There will be positive consequences of emotional expansion-construction。”Current emotion research in psychology breaks the traditional research perspective，Believe that positive emotions are not only a sign of health and happiness，And it is an effective factor affecting individuals，In turn, it affects the happiness of others and the group。

　　The value of research on subject initiative in mobile bet365

The theoretical building of agency as a philosophical speculation and the spirit of the times has long been familiar to everyone，The study of agency in the field of psychology also has important significance。In terms of theoretical value，It reflects and strengthens psychology’s active positioning and exploration of mobile bet365 beings’ own research objects，Promotes subjectivity to a certain extent、The process of developing the philosophical debate on subjective initiative into scientific research，It also provides concrete experimental evidence for philosophical speculation in the study of agency。The study of agency in the field of psychology provides many clues to the endogenous development of solving the paradox of objective determinism and subjective determinism。

Subjective initiative in the philosophical category is also called subject initiative、Conscious initiative、Consciousness initiative，Mostly belong to the content of "hard determinism"。The objectivity of laws is primary，mobile bet365 subjective initiative is secondary。The objectivity of the world restricts people’s subjective initiative。People unify the two on the basis of practice，That is, it shows the subjective initiative of humans that is different from animals。actually，Subjective and objective identity、Diversity、Contradiction and conflict，We generally face the problem of looping and recycling of explanations，Need a theoretical explanation paradigm that combines soft and hard determinism。Hard determinism has "narrow deterministic properties"，Soft determinism has "wide deterministic properties"。The study of agency in the psychological sense undoubtedly has the characteristics of "soft determinism"。Strengthening research on the issue of subjective initiative will help to better adhere to the principles of dialectical materialism。As Pan Shu, an older generation of psychologists, once pointed out: Psychology must adhere to the principle of objectivity，But also “strive to avoid objectivism。Objectivism means forgetting yourself，Forgot the purpose of learning”。Modern psychology, on the one hand, emphasizes the limited rationality of mobile bet365 behavior，Such as the limitations of the biological functions of the mobile bet365 body、Limitations of cognitive resources、Restrictions on objective conditions and restrictions on practical activities；On the other hand it is also suggested that the potential of the mobile bet365 mind is inestimable，mobile bet365 potential、Activity and innovation are very powerful。Therefore，In-depth research on the individual level，Can further help people feel and understand their own agency，Consciously mobilize and adjust daily behaviors。Subject initiative does not necessarily determine material objects，But it will definitely determine your life。Subject initiative is the inexhaustible driving force and inner source of innovation and progress of mobile bet365 civilization。

　　(Author’s Affiliation: School of mobile bet365, Shaanxi Normal University)