The "International Management Review Magazine" edited by the British School of Management recently published a professor of management professor of Bath University Mairi Maclean、Professor Charles Harvey, a professor of management at the University of Newcastle University in the United Kingdom, and other papers "Elite Charity in the New Injection of the United States and the United Kingdom"。This article is proposed by analyzing the literature of the United States and Britain on elite charity，Elite Charity in the United States and Britain (the rich people voluntarily invested a lot of funds for charity) to expand the control of the elite group from the economic field to the social and political field，CIT and continued inequality，instead of alleviating inequality。

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Article representation，In the past two centuries，West experienced two unequal peak periods。The first peak period is the mid -1914th to 1914。At that time，American and British charity families inject capital for thousands of charity institutions，Provide free or low -cost social services，Including medical、Education、Culture and leisure。The returns obtained by the charitable family are improved labor relations、Good reputation and greater political capital。The second peak period is from the 1980s to the present。Although the economic globalization has reduced the development gap between the country，But the internal inequality of various countries rises，The "glowing and heat" condition of charity is mature again，Some super Bet365 lotto review -rich people invest billions or even tens of billions of dollars to establish a charity fund。Fuxing of Elite Charity，Stimulated people's interest in exploring their social role，But this is a controversial topic。

Elite charity is a proprietary event for rich people。This group gets huge wealth through the start of the hand or inherit the family business，Usually there is a vast economic network，Many of them are active in the "field of power" that French sociologist Budier said and master the right to speak。In the field of power，The consciousness of the main alliance pursuing the changes to the huge social change、Regulatory and resource targets。According to Budier's theory，Charity brings cultural capital to the elite group、Social Capital、Symbol capital as a form of return。Under the clever operation and appropriate conditions，They can be converted into new economic capital，It may get amazing scale effects。This reveals the inherent trading nature of elite charity: different forms of capital connect to each other、Support each other，Elite Charity undertakes the role of capital conversion medium。From this perspective，Elite charity is difficult to become a pure good deed driven by altruism，Its essence is to convert the remaining funds into other valuable capital forms。Elite groups have improved their fame and status through charity，"Entrance Voucher" of the important social network，enables it to make a greater impact on policy formulation，in order to better achieve personal goals。

Professor Kristin Anne Goss, a professor at the School of Public Policy at Duke University in the United States, said in the article "The Rich in Policy: How the Rich American Influence Governance"，More than half of the most well -known charitables in the United States show bet365 Play online games strong interest in public policy，They pass through charity、Topic -oriented election donation and other channels，Try to affect、Support or Implementation of Public Policy。Since the end of the 19th century gold -plated era，Rich in charity becomes a special existence in public life in the United States。Enter the 21st century，People have fully accepted and even expected the rich charity、The participation of large entrepreneurs participating and even leaders solve the problem of major public policy，"Donation is becoming a governance"。Professor Walter W. Powell, a professor at Stanford University Business School, believes，With media reports、Propaganda activities and influential political words，Elite charitables actively shape people's views on social problems，Affecting people's support for specific solutions。

Regardless of whether it is because I don’t understand the situation，Still as a clever defense，Describe the elite charity as a simple generous move that does not require substantial returns，It is the role played in the process of gathered huge wealth in the process of wealthy wealth in the new and irritating era。In the past 40 years，The income and wealth inequality of developed countries and developing countries are significantly intensified，The rich who voluntarily transferred to the poor (a small amount) Wealth reduced the anger that people increased their wealth of wealthy people。ordinary people can use tax policies to maximize the wealthy people to ensure that the framework of laws and regulations meets their own interests，I did not realize that elite charity is actually part of the new liberal ideology，Its supporters are a group of legal and financial consultants who protect the privileges of the rich。

Brief words，Elite charity bet365 live casino games has expanded the rich and social connection，Improving the ability to control social development and changes。David Bosworth, a professor at the University of Washington, Washington University, said in the article "Cultural Contradiction of Charity Capitalism"，People are still paying most bills，But the agenda is increasingly formulated by charitable capitalists。But，Rich charityists have been respected and praised，Pioneers who are regarded as solving social problems rather than economic rental squeezers，Avoid the criticism and review of the people。Elite groups "buy" the publicity of the people's favor and tolerance for the imbalance of power，and the doorway close to politicians and officials，To obtain an institutional arrangement that is beneficial to yourself、Tax policy and legal provisions。

　　Elite Charity Maintaining the New Liberal Economic Order

The universal view of the existing research field believes，Charity is a force against economic inequality，When economic inequality rises，The charity donation of the rich will increase。Associate Professor of the School of Public Policy of the University of Southern California, Nicolas J. Duquette, challenged this point of view in the article "Equality and Charity: Donation of High -In -High -In -High -Infacted Family in the United States in 1917-2012"。He analyzed the income of residents in the United States from 1917 to 2012、Tax、Irregular level and charitable donation data Data，High -income family donations and income irregularities have strong negative correlations。Data display，In the period of inequality and serious periods and regions，Charitable donations from high -income families are generally less。End of World War II to the mid -1980s，low degree of inequality，The bet365 live casino games amount of charity donation of 1%of the first population is significantly higher than that of the two periods after World War II to the two periods before World War II and 1987.。and，Only a small part of the crowd will donate huge amounts of good funds，and most of the other rich people have become "stretchers"，Enjoy the more generous "similar" to the people they won for them to the irregular tolerance。

Maclin et al.，Elite charitable improvement and re -distribution effects have three restricted factors。First，For a long time，Elite charity has always been concentrated in developed countries，The poorest people in developing countries have benefited very little，and they should be the biggest beneficiary of charity。

2，Elite Charity prefers to invest in higher education and culture and art，This exacerbates inequality。Gauss's analysis and display of 194 wealthy charity in the United States，108 people show clear policy interests，And the issue they are most interested in is education。Donation funds of first -class universities in the United States are as high as 10 billion to 20 billion U.S. dollars，Donated funds from Harvard and Yale University have more than $ 40 billion and $ 30 billion，Full of comparable to the large independent foundation。Although the donation fund of prestigious schools in the UK is much less than the United States，But the scale of donation funds at the University of Cambridge and Oxford University makes other universities be at no way。Top colleges and universities with strong economic strength output high -quality teaching and scientific research results and high -paying graduates，and a wealthy elite alumni tend to donate to their alma mater，This has formed an advantageous cycle。

third，According to Duket and others research, it is displayed，To improve Bet365 lotto review income stability、​​hedge financial risk，Charity agencies usually "hoard" the donation funds instead of investing in the current business。This concentrates power in the hands of the leaders of charity，Weaken the ability to promote equality for charity。

McCle thinks，Studies from historical perspectives and modern perspectives indicate，Elite charity has many positive impacts on society，This is not denying。As far as the status quo is concerned，Elite charity is good for society，But to reduce the wealthy country and poor countries、Unem level between different social classes within one country is limited，Instead, the influence of the elite group in the local and national power fields。Elite charity constitutes a "fortress without accountability"，Charity is used to realize society、Weapons of political and ideological goals，Elite charity not only obtains more folk resources and political capital，Also enjoy the freedom of free market constraints and public supervision。Assistant professor of the Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, Emma Saunders-Hastings, believes，Elite Charity is not democratic，The rich donor can exercise the concentration、firm、There is a huge influence on the ordinary people。

Harvey said，Whether it is intentional，Still as a systemic response to structural conditions，The ultimate goal of elite charity is to make the extreme inequality caused by the development of global capitalism，and let people accept。Scholars with a critical attitude said，Elite charity covers the unequal structural determination factors，Become a deep political activity，Dedicated to maintain the new liberal economic order。As American historian Peter Dobkin Hall said，No matter what Bet365 app download the donations do, what good things are done，Rich charitists always show the shortcomings of private charity that is not constrained by core politics and ethical values。They don't think it is necessary to fundamentally change the world order，but persistent in the advanced technical solution、Free Market、Compare advantage economy and global leadership in the United States and the West。