Since the 1980s，In informationization、Driven by the wave of network and globalization，Human society, especially Western society, has entered a new historical stage where the change is continuously accelerated，Social life presents increasingly obvious uncertain state。Contemporary Western sociology that faces social changes in the investigation and exploration of these uncertainties，Found a commonly existed and difficult social problem: a serious crisis in social trust。Although contemporary Western sociology has made a lot of explorations in the crisis of trust under uncertainty conditions，I also proposed a lot of countermeasures to resolve this serious social problem，But the social trust crisis in the new situation not only has no relief，On the contrary, show a more serious situation。So，The limitations of contemporary western sociology on the research on uncertainty and trust crisis should be reflected，Further deepening the academic research of this major era topic。

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Western sociology has faced a lot of social uncertainty issues from the date of occurrence。But，Kong De、Spencer、Turkan、Modern sociologists such as Weber and Parsons and Homanis，It is not due to complicated social differentiation、Class struggle and social conflict, such as uncertainty, retreat，On the contrary, persistently analyzes and actively explores how to resolve uncertainty，Fixed attempt to establish and support social development and change。Confucius takes society to form a stable order as the basic pursuit of sociological research，Spencer's discussion on social organism，Turgan attributed sociology to science of the system，Weber's admiration for the section system，Parsons' discussion on social structural functions，Homman's affirmation of the principles of group exchange interests，etc.。These ideological theories all express the pursuit of certainty and negation of uncertainty。

From the perspective of modern western sociology in the middle of the 1960s in the middle of the 1960s，Social uncertainty is a social state that is caused by the occasional factors of social life or the social contradictions that fail to resolve in a timely manner;、Stable normal state that conforms to the inevitable trend of social development。Kong De believes，Social history like the operation of the celestial body，The inevitability of the iron that has the will of people's will not be transferred。Turgan thinks，Social phenomena ever changing，But the way of thinking about social development and changes、The behavior method and lifestyle are stable，They have the objectivity of social life as a social system、Universal and compulsory，The certainty that cannot be changed arbitrarily。

The historical process of formation and development of modern western sociology，The historical period bet365 best casino games of the rapid development of capitalist industry，Although I experienced two World War during this period，A large uncertainty as the disaster to the top of the human beings，But in the most basic process of industrial society，Program for machine production、Standard、Organization、discipline and system，Accurately requires and effectively supports the definition of operating rules and systems in industrial society。So，No matter how much sociology encountered in this period, the uncertainty that affects the process of social development，But as the foundation of the production foundation of industrial and social material, the certainty is unchanged，Modern sociologists are based on the determination of machine operation and cannot shake this basic fact，Firmly affirm the certainty of social life and work hard to reject the uncertainty of social life。

When the industrial society rely on the regularity of machine operation and the certainty of the system, it has created huge material wealth，When people have achieved the brilliant achievements of the industrialization process, when they are full of confidence，A major change unexpectedly happened，That is, the certainty of industrial society or machine production has encountered severe challenges of information production uncertainty，and this challenge jumps from the production field to political life、Cultural Life and even the field of daily life。Fukuyama said: "Just when the economy of Western society transitions from the era of industrialization to the information age，However, there are such negative social trends: these trends indicate，The kind of social connection and universal value concept of unity in western society are weakening。”

Fukuyama summarizes the changes encountered in the Western world as "big division"。This is indeed an unprecedented and profound western society in Western Sociology since the establishment of Western Sociology，and is from production activities、Economic operation to political relations、Comprehensive division of cultural value and daily life。This judgment seems a bit appalling，But it is indeed in line with actual。This split is a concentrated production relative to the industrial society、Organized management、Regular behavior、Institutionalization control and standardization mode, such as a series of determinations,。That is to say，With informationization、The arrival of the networked era，The certainty of the industrial society has encountered a comprehensive challenge and impact，Originally a relatively stable definition system, shake from the foundation，even fission and disintegration，The unexpected uncertainty of the rush of the social science pursuing certainty has raised social problems that are difficult to clarify。

Western sociologists who have raised uncertainty and carried out in -depth discussion are Gadenus、Beck、Bowman、Luman, Castle and others，They have the following consensus on the uncertainty of sweeping Western society: uncertainty is no longer accidental、Suddenly and very attractive social problems，but have Bet365 app download universal、Social change trends of inevitability and normality; informationization、The rapid development of network and globalization，The severity and spread of uncertainty have been exacerbated; uncertainty is already in the economy、Politics、Culture、Society and other fields exist in various fields; uncertainty has breeds social problems that are difficult to solve with traditional social governance methods。

　　Focus on the trust crisis of uncertainty breeding

In the attention of various social issues caused by uncertainty，The most important thing to attract Western sociologists is the extensive outbreak of trust crisis。From the perspective of Gadenus and others，In informationization、Internet -based and globalized waves driven，The time process and space status of human society have already undergone unprecedented profound changes。From time to view，The historical process of continuous development of industrial society and one -dimensional time experience of people's one -dimensional time of progress，It has become a complex change of risks in the post -industrial society，People’s time experience is no longer a one -dimensional nature that continues to move forward，Instead of thinking about it in a highly alert state、The three -dimensional nature of the care next to the pattern。

Especially serious question is，Time process and space status have appeared extensive extraction or dehydration。In industrial society，Time is the change process of local space things，Space is the state of the existence of local space things，It is also inseparable from real time and actual existence。But with the Internet、Mobile communication and other information technology，People can easily surpass the boundary limit of specific existence or local space，Broadly enter the broad space developed on the Internet freely，Carry out the community、Town、The global information communication and conceptual communication is launched in the national borders。This is a de -domain space，The rules in the local space、Systems and value beliefs have taken away in the field space，and from this to generate the de -domain group or the domain community that has been removed from the local restrictions。

In time and space, in the field and fast flow，People’s trust relationship encounters impact or even subverts。In the rapid advancement of network，The certainty of the industrial and agricultural society is becoming more and more widely covered by the uncertainty of the rapidly flowing domain，Trust gradually loses the actual stable support，It becomes fragile or even easily collapsed in the anxiety of the floating liquidity。

Networking has become a torrent of an era when the flow velocity is constantly accelerating，Most social members have entered this torrent to varying degrees。"World Internet Development Report 2020" shows，2020，The number of global Internet users is about 4.54 billion，The penetration rate reaches 59%，American Internet penetration rate reaches 81.3%。But，Although the Internet penetration rate has reached a higher level，Especially in developed Bet365 lotto review countries in the West，Internet penetration rate has reached 70%-80%level，But a problem that cannot be ignored is，Internet development is extremely unbalanced。In 2020, there are still more than 3 billion people in the world that have not entered the Internet，And has become more than 4 billion people's Internet entry and use methods that have become netizens are also very different。Enter and not enter the Internet，and the depth and use method of entering the Internet，All directly affect people’s social trust。

Those netizens who actively participate in Internet activities are full of confidence in the network of networked social reality，It will also form positive social trust based on Internet experience。but but，In the large number of netizens team，Many people do not use the Internet as a way for progress and development，Instead of participating in Internet activities from the perspective of entertainment games and daily communication，These people not only feel joy in online activities、Convenient and open，And they will also form a new type of social trust that is compatible with the Internet society。and those members who have not entered the Internet，Not only will I feel strange to the Internet society that is different from the industry and the agricultural society、Strange、It is difficult to understand，And many of them will doubt new things in online society、Renewal or even rejection。Although there are no social members who have not entered the net，But there are more than 3 billion in the world，Even in the United States with more than 80%of the Internet penetration rate, there are more than 60 million。These people outside the Internet society，Observe with the vision and principles of traditional society、Knowing and evaluating the complex changes brought by the Internet society，Uncertainty of rapid flow of online society，Not only impacts the social trust they are based on certainty，and it will also have serious distrust of this fast -changing online society。

The most complicated situation is，Those ways to adhere to industrial society and even agricultural society、People in behavioral methods and lifestyles，Although they realize that the changes in network development and uncertainty are the general trend，should be actively entering the Internet society。But they are not based on the reality of network changes.、Politics、New changes in various fields of cultural and social life，Instead, it is based on the certainty of industrial society and even agricultural society to resist the uncertainty of online society。

should be recognized，Contemporary Western sociology has discussed the social trust crisis from different perspectives，And many discussions are profound and inspiring。Such as Baker's scientific and technological revolution and institutional reform caused social uncertainty and social risk outbreak，also aroused the discussion of the crisis of trust; Bowman's social trust attached to the "solid state" definitation，In the "liquid" social change, the "shelter" discourse can no longer be found; Gadenus's on the vortex of high uncertainty，Social trust becomes so fragile，Discuss that can no longer Bet365 lotto review provide the supporting support for human resistance to the continuous enhanced social risks。These discussions on trust crisis，All reflect the profound changes of Western society under network conditions to a certain extent，It is the theoretical contribution of contemporary western sociology。

　　The theoretical limitations and the way to transcend the crisis of trust

The crisis of trust in western society is extensive and profound，Western sociology made a lot of explorations to surpass this crisis。In the complex academic exploration，The most noticeable thing is to put the crisis in the relationship between the trust of trust in the relationship between the country and society。From the perspective of many western sociologists，Trust crisis is like other social contradictions or social problems，The most important existence and restriction mechanism should be revealed in the relationship between the country and society.。Because whether in industrial society or online society，The country has mastered the resource allocation and power control of society，The country has mastered the resource allocation and power control of society，Therefore, the crisis of social contradictions and trust will definitely generate and expand in the relationship between the country and society。

Gadenus pointed out，In network、Informatization and globalization background，The uncertainty of social life is increasing，This has become a normal state of existence and development of contemporary society。Power operation and government administration should have made adjustments based on this change，But，Some people who master the expert system and administrative power，Not the root cause of uncertainty，Instead, I try to use the knowledge and power rooted in certainty，To control and eliminate the uncertainty of social life。But the result is counterproductive，Not only cannot eliminate uncertainty of constant breeding，On the contrary, people who have more serious hazards are uncertainty。Human uncertainty does not realize the will of the country，On the contrary, it has triggered the society's more serious doubt about the country and the government，Social trust becomes more difficult to maintain。

Castle explained the seriousness of the crisis of trust in the network of networked in the relationship between the country and society。In his opinion，The rise of online society has changed the way of operating and power of society，The national state power system and its operating mechanism based on industrialization，Make adjustments to the development of online society and make adjustments，Otherwise, not only will its power operating mechanism encounter unavoidable challenges，The effectiveness of the role of power will gradually decline，And the legitimacy of the existence of its power system (that is, the foundation and rationality) will also be fundamentally shaken。This change is reflected in the relationship between the country and society，It is the society's recognition or trust in the country to fission or even collapse。Social recognition of the country，is the most important social trust，Its fission and collapse must be the worst crisis of trust。

should be recognized，In the research results of contemporary western sociology on the crisis of trust caused by uncertainty，Can find a lot of important views that are not lacking bet365 best casino games in insight。Including their countermeasures for the uncertain risk and trust crisis for the country or the government，To a large extent, some serious problems existing in Western society，It has more important practical significance。But，The research results of contemporary western sociology have not attracted enough attention from Western countries，In some Western government's government behavior or social policies, it is still adhered to the tradition continued from the industrial society，Often manifested as the principle of certainty of industrial society to simply cope with the uncertainty of the network society and the trust crisis it triggered。The result is，Although the state's control over social control is getting strict，But the social uncertainty turbulence and the crisis of trust have not seen tend to relieve。

The cause of this result，Insufficient understanding of the profound changes in the era of networking in Western political circles，Still using the position and principle of industrial society to treat the errors of the changes in the trend of the trend，There is also the theoretical limitations of contemporary western sociology in academic research and viewpoint。Further say，Contemporary Western sociology, although the important changes from industrial society to online society and various social problems it appeared，But usually stay in the description and discussion of these changes，and lack of questioning about the root cause of these phenomena and problems，So the essence of the problem cannot be fundamentally revealed。

In many discussions in contemporary western sociology，Castle, which has the tradition of Marxist sociology research，The exposition that caused uncertainty caused by networkization and the crisis of trust is relatively deep。Castle clearly pointed out，Internet society is not a social change in the general sense，but a profound social revolution，As a result, a new society is born。It is exactly in this sense，The network social change discussed by Castle is starting from the change of the economic field，In essence, the information technology revolution has caused changes in production relations，and，He also discussed on the basis of new marketing and economic relations，Power relationships and ideology have also undergone profound changes。

but，Caster did not clearly declare，He analyzes a series of complex and profound changes that the Internet society is and it causes in accordance with Marxist views。Marxism a basic point of view is: the productive revolution marked by the innovation of production tools，It will promote the change of production relations，The production relationship that dominates the position is after the economic foundation changes，It will cause transformation of political upper -level architecture and ideology，At this time, a new society form was born。It is not difficult to understand，Basic views of Marxism can be clearly analyzed in depth and in -depth analysis。

Computer、Internet and mobile communication technology，All advanced production tools different from the machines of manufacturing material products，They have already marked revolution in productivity。and the new productive forces bet365 best casino games require production relations and upper -level buildings to change compatible with it。Production of information with information and communication information as the main content，Regardless of its production objects or production tools，All are the essential characteristics of uncertainty。Information is only continuously updated、Widely spread can it play a role and maintain vitality，and information technology must continue to innovate and continue to speed up to win the competition，These all determine the uncertain trend of the irreversible development of contemporary human society。Correctly understand the uncertainty of online society，Form new social trust on the basis of uncertainty，Perhaps it is an important way for human society to form a vigorous vitality and stable order。

　　(This article is the major project of the Ministry of Education's key research base "Reality Basis of Chinese Network Society、Study on local characteristics and operating mode (19JJD840003) phased results)

(Professor of Sociology Theory and Method Research Center, Renmin University of the People's University of China)