The significant and strange pulse in Levinas' thought road is the interpretation of "Talmad"。Although he claims to separate philosophical speculation and theological interpretation，But it is undeniable，Theology of theology，From stereotyped doctrine to philosophical methodology that pays attention to vivid and specific things and ritual relationships。Say further，He rewritten Western metaphysics with heterogeneous ideological resources to end the predictions of God's death，Open the philosophy of ethics as the first philosophy，The Christianity of the Judaism that is trying to re -define the truth。In short，The philosophy plan is to speak Jewish things in Greek language，Or if many researchers interpreted the work that translates Sinai as "face"。

Levinas' "Talmad" interpretation practice began in the late 1950s，until its dying has not been interrupted。It is said to，"Talmad" published by Levinas has been released in 23 articles，Including "Freedom of Difficulties" (1963，A total of 1 article)，"Talmud Four Lectures" (1968，A total of 4 articles)，"From holy to spiritual" (1977，5 articles in total)，"Beyond Poems" (1982，5 articles in total)，"Time of the Nationality" (1988，5 articles in total)，"New Talmad Lecture" (1996，A total of 3 articles)。Initially, some interpretations were prepared for the courses set by Oriental Israel Normal University bet365 best casino games in Paris，After that, it became a lecture on the French branch of the Jewish World Congress。I，An encounter with the legendary character Monsieur Chouchaani，The style of its interpretation is gradually strengthened。Specifically，Levinas' solution activity affects its philosophical fortunes at the three levels。

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Through the digging of the body writing mechanism，Levinas When Structuralist symbolism and interpretation, when the way of Dazhi，presents the way of interpretation completely different from wild thinking，Reserve a metaphysical language for myself。The attention to the writing mechanism and interpretation strategy is not the inadvertent move of a philosopher，Start from Heidegger，The essence and interpretation of the poetic language has been wrapped。It is worth noting that，Compared with most of them, it will be regarded as skill，Then write the writing spirit、The tendency of spirituality，Jewish thinkers are more inclined to write writing and body、Related to material form，This is derived from the writing tradition that is closely related to its belief。From the perspective of translation "Bible"，Levinas thinks，The meaning does not depend on voice，but the "Writing Body" of the Holy Text。Therefore，Translation of the Bible，Levinas is not opposed，Instead, it is emphasized that ink must be used、Paper and other forms to ensure its Jewish characteristics。

In addition，He also holds the tendency of "anti -explanation"。He thinks，After the text has gone through the precipitation of time and habit，Reading can only exert violence bet365 Play online games on words，and the symbols have always retained the materiality of the symbol，This material is not completely penetrated by psychiatric。Maybe these views are easily considered metaphors，But in Kafka、Roland Butter's writing and Langsier's "Theology of Novels" and Nanyi "Physical Exhibition" are all echo。The interesting thing is，Levinas' criticism of structuralism is also mainly concentrated in the reversal of the relationship between value and impulse.。He thinks，It is hidden lies in the value here，The mechanical phenomenon of impulses and instincts presents hallucinations with its spontaneous body，From this to the value of value，and the impulse also has the blessing of practical rationality, which is raised and disguised as a universal value。From the perspective of the subsequent changes in structuralism，It has also evolved from a creative criticism genre to a rational science of "encirclement creation"。From this，We see，From writing to explanation，Levinas is trying to resist the concept of structural runes that are deeply rooted in local standards and mechanical duals，In order to retain the subjective character for the subjectivity of dormant in the body。

　　Dilute the social nature of excessive secularization

Analyzing the social relationship between the priority and the foundation of the foundation from the philosophy of the dialogue and the philosophy of meaning，Levinas found the religious nature of the separation relationship behind the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between the relationship?。Of course，Bob style "I -You" and "I -It" type of foundation has outlined bet365 live casino games the world and meaning，Daniel expressed his objection to this。He thinks，Personality is not among you who live in dialogue，Because there is still a risk of being overall，He talked about his nature (illeity)、Infinite and Saint。He thinks，Social association is a coordinate axis，Here，In terms of understanding of phenomenon, things that originate from the world and the things that do not originate from the world for moral responsibility，and God's nature is reflected here。There is a Kant -style "Copernicus Revolution" here: not explaining social relations from God，Instead of elaborating God's hypertext with social relations。

Levinas and other religious scholars discovered the "deep religion" trend of modern society in the process of secularization。In other words，Sacred and secular is not an absolute opposition，As a kind of social association，It itself is full of mysterious colors comparable to religious phenomena。This can be seen from the closeness of many theologians and phenomenologists，They focus on the solution and irreplaceable ingredients in social experience。How to get rid of the trade logic of social relationships and jump into religion? Levinas thinks，The key lies in the "separation" or "separation" created by non -symmetrical relationships。Both the influence of Brown Shaw and A -Gump have reiterated this principle accordingly。Brownia uses death in its novel to radiate this separate relationship，Even the concept of "common body" it clarified also implies the meaning of "separation"。Aban is absorbing Benjimo、The political philosophy bet365 best casino games resources of Schmidt and others，Ascend "separation" into a "core of religion"。Derida has seen its intention very early，He thinks，Gygès, who can see others and hidden, is the condition of the soul。This，See the "separation" movement between themselves as the glory of creation，Levinas avoided Plato's set of "myths" about regression and integration，At the same time Levinas never admits that he is Freudist，He cherishes the happiness and enjoyment of survival。

　　Inquiry beyond freedom

Starting from the spiritual practice of the law of "Tol" from the mouth，Levinas highlights a kind of freedom and responsibility for breaking the principle of freedom and risk control from the victim's perspective，This will re -correct modern individualism and lay peace based on responsibility rather than contracts。Igerton once pointed out，Kangde of Levinas，The same as Derida，It is an obligation of irrelevant economy。Indeed，The spirit of modern contracts reflected in the economic thinking of penetration statistics and probability theory，Juda's housekeeping scholars outlined the "sacred economy" and "sacrifice economy"。Following the relationship between economy and fairness，We found，Freedom problems are differentiated into two levels in Levinas: love and justice，That is the situation of the face and many faces。So，The division of "good customers" and "generous" appear。He has questioned whether Christianity himself has found a vision that is different from famine and drought and floods? The meaning of words，This generosity may be just a hypocritical decoration，Bet365 app download I ignore the indifference of others。The insertion of the principles of hospitality pokes the illusion of "short -term peace theory"，Permanent and peaceful vision needs to use "sacrifice" to interrupt the chain of revenge and circular economy。The actual situation of the hostage breaks the restrictions of citizenship，The social aggregation method that integrates and excludes and identify is largely highlighted that the limitations of distinguishing collective consistency with the concept of the subject or citizen。The concept of hostage reveals the nature of western ethics or modern rights systems，Bad the bias that try to correct the concept of traditional subjects。The hostage and the situation not only associates good guest ethics，It also keenly characterized the issue of immigration and refugees。Therefore，The freedom of hostage represents an infinite originality of the intention of the others and the originality of the ethical laws higher than the law of nature，and then it is also the "Glory" that "Tol" is still enjoyed in the secular world。

"Talmad" interpretation is not useless skills，For Levinas，It is a warning that is absolutely clear and complete。From it，Levinas outlines a "difficult freedom" that is different from self -evidence.，At the same time, think about how to bridge the cracks caused by the invasion of Greek culture and Hebrew culture in history。So far，Levinascofka's thinker image gradually complete，That is a variety of cultural blending Jewish residential areas、With the baptism of human civilization and perseverance, the trace of seeking overwhelming in the world。

　(Author Unit: School of Literature, Renmin University of China)