The United Kingdom is the birthplace of modern industrial civilization，The modernization stage of its social governance has gone through a considerable period，There is a lack of environmental pollution in the meantime、Fiscal crisis、社会矛盾突出等一系列问题和挑战。Long -term unremitting social governance process，The British government introduced a series of relatively complete laws and regulations，Established a complete social security system。从“缩小政府边界、Starting the idea of ​​restricting government power "departure，Establish a government、市场与社会的边界，Adjust the relationship between the three; emphasize participation、Multi -central governance，Replace a single government management with multiple subjects and co -governance，Push a large number of social services to society and the market，While introducing the concept of market operation，Give play to the role of third parties, that is, social forces，Forms a social governance pattern for the joint participation of multiple subjects，Social social contradictions and problems through the "cooperation governance" method。to ensure the normal operation of British society，It provides the benefits brought about by modernization of citizens.，At the same time, many disadvantages brought by the modernization of social governance are avoided as much as possible。

bet365 Play online games

The British government has "diversified、合作性、Democracy bet365 Play online games "characteristics and development trend。Over the years，Cultivation of the central government and local governments、The continuous change of decentralization，Established the concept of co -governance of the current British social governance and improved the efficient government division of labor structure system。As the subordinate department of the central government，Local government undertakes the implementation of the central government's assigned tasks，Provide local residents to provide the required social public services。

UK adopted different levels of government division of labor cooperation mechanisms in social governance，It can make public financial budget expenditure to the greatest extent to meet the needs of the public，At the same time, taking into account the principles of social efficiency and fairness。​​Governments at all levels are both their duties and their own duties and interconnected，The central government mainly undertakes national defense and social security.，Local governments pay attention to community governance、Public order、Education Development、医疗健康等方面。From this，The central government puts the management power of general social affairs to the local government，On the one hand, it will not be widely managed、High center of gravity causes "management hollow"; on the other hand，It can largely improve the enthusiasm and autonomy of local governments in social governance，Government decision -making that helps to propose more closer to the public，选择更适宜本地区的社会发展方案，Improve the government's social governance ability。

"Cooperative Government" theory breaks the "fragmentation"

　Since the British government is conducting public services，Gradually "division" and "departmentalization"，Therefore, the concept of "collaborative government" came into being。It is a comprehensive concept，Its meaning includes mutual cooperation between different fields of the central administrative department，Internal vertical collaboration between ministries and commissions and its agency，Integrated thinking of superior decision -making and subordinate execution，Coordinated integration of horizontal cooperation and vertical deployment，公共部门与民间组织、私有机构之间的合作，Encourage more non -governmental departments (civil organizations、Community、Private Department、Volunteer groups, etc.) Participate in social governance。其最大意义在于，Under the premise of maintaining the independence and individuality of its own organization，依据共同的行为准则，Through the combination of two or more organizations、Coordination，exchange at the minimum cost for the maximum interest。

Cooperative government reforms to a certain extent advocate the return of the government，That is, the government has the main position in social governance，This is also a concentrated manifestation of nationalism in the British social governance system。other，The British government has adopted a series of institutionalized methods to strengthen the authority of the core department，At the same time, the prestige of the central government also improves。At the same time，The role of the market has not been ignored，It played a supporting role Bet365 app download in the government -led framework。市场因素的引入和民间社会组织的参与可以调整和纠正国家过度干预和过度负担的情况，Sustainable operation of the governance system。

　attracts private organizations to achieve multiple co -governance

Since the 1960s，With the advent of the era of globalization and informatization，Under the traditional bureaucracy operation of the British government，Can't cope with the expansion of its own system and the dilemma of fiscal deficit。So，Britain takes the lead in reforming the public department，实施了一种不同于“政府有限论”和以市场解救“政府失灵”的公共管理模式，That is the "New Public Management" mode。where，Creatively proposed that the government's functions should be "at the helm rather than paddling"，To give full play to the power of private organizations，Actions to absorb private organizations actively participate in social governance。

Can Britain can be in the government and civil organizations、Diverse cooperation and co -governance between social groups，Mainly contains three reasons。一是健全法律制度。早在1601年，The United Kingdom promulgated the world's first law to regulate charity- "Charity Law"。November 8, 2006，The British began to implement the newly revised "Charity Law"。This law stipulates the British government and civil organizations、Basic balance of social groups，Standardize behavioral activities of private organizations and social groups，Among them, the identification of private organizations、Service Responsibilities、服务目的等相关内容进行严格审查，Bet365 lotto review Make sure that civil organizations that are really capable of serving society to serve society enter the social governance system。Second, fiscal support and tax reduction and exemption。To promote the further participation of civil organizations in social governance，Provide better service supply and quality，英国政府在财政资金上对民间组织给予强有力的支持并颁布一系列有利于其发展的税收减免政策，to reduce the economic burden of civil organizations。Third, organic interaction of political and social cooperation。The United Kingdom is the country in the world that takes the lead in establishing the partnership of the government and civil organizations，Since the 1990s，The British government has widened this relationship into practice。The "Agreement Agreement Agreement on the Government, Volunteer and Community Organization", which was implemented in 1998，At the legal level, civil organizations and social groups are given a legal status as the main body of public services，Forms mutual promotion for the government and civil organizations、相互配合的伙伴关系，Created a loose external environment and a vast space for sustainable development。

　Give play to the legal role to provide basic guarantees

As a country with a relatively sound legal system，The United Kingdom attaches great importance to the important role of law in the process of social governance，通过完善的法律体系、Strong implementation of the implementation of the judicial organs according to law，Strong implementation of the implementation of the judicial organs according to law，At the same time, it can resolve many social contradictions and risks caused by social Bet365 lotto review development，thus escorting British social governance。Britain adheres to the principle of "rule of law society" in social governance，对于法律的颁布、Implement、落实等方面尤为重视。Seemingly freedom、Diversity、民主的社会背景下，The government just has less restrictions on general public affairs，But，For violating the law、Destroy social order、Social behavior that transcends social moral bottom lines is quite strict。

The principle of "bottom line governance" in Britain，That is the behavior that does not violate the bottom line of social governance，都可以从轻处理，Once the harm causes，则“法律至上”。This social model gives the public "free generosity" open social environment，有助于法律在社会中的普及和认知度；另一方面有利于提高政府在社会治理中的可操作性和高效性，Reduce governance costs and human capital to a certain extent，Guide a good social atmosphere with humanized regulatory social system。

　Decisions should be taken to the people for the people

Before introducing major social policies，The British government will do a lot of preliminary work，Including experts to conduct independent investigations on the status and problems in related fields，and propose countermeasures in the form of reports。英国政府于1991年以白皮书的形式提出了“公民宪章”，Requires the public sector to clearly define the quality and standard of public services。"Citizen Charter" requires all government departments、Industry and institutions formulate and implement their own service standards，Make a "service commitment"bet365 best casino games ; public services must be placed under the supervision of the public，To ensure that government agencies and related enterprises can provide their promised public service quality。

Under the mandatory intervention of the government, a new system for the public to choose public services by the public，Realize the level of social governance through "competition"，Objectively judging the quality of public services through citizen supervision，Then form a joint force，To ensure that the British government can provide effective social governance methods，and meet the public's requirements for public services as much as possible。The British attaches great importance to the public's participation and the democratization formulation of decision -making，Social governance decision -making by formulating the public's voice，to balance the different interest requirements of each class，Comprehensiveization of the public service system、Reasonable，Further consolidate local autonomy，减少社会冲突矛盾，Stable places and central government regime safe and orderly、Harmony and stability。

(Author Unit: Institute of Social Development, Henan Academy of Social Sciences)