Afghanistan's Herat City has been prosperous during the ancient Persian Empire，Affected by the Arab conquest and Mongolian Western Expedition，This thousand -year -old city has become ruined several times。The Timur dynasty is fixed after Hrate，Continuing the veins of the "Silk Road" interaction，Make Herate reproduce the prosperity of the past。Hrate City is one of the greatest cities in the ancient world，It is also an important hub along the "Silk Road"，Leaving a strong stroke in the history of Eurasian civilization。

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The Harry River originated in the ancient Mountain Range in the east，This river is divided into many tributaries，distributed in the north and south of Herat City。Herater City is irrigated by the Hari River，Therefore, "Harry"，Located about 600 kilometers of Kabuli today。Far away from the ocean due to the higher altitude，The annual temperature difference and daily temperature difference between Herate are large，The temperature difference between day and night changes fiercely，Dry air，The wind blowing from the Indian Ocean at the same time is blocked by the southern and southeast of the mountains，Therefore, Hrate's precipitation is very low，Most of them are in winter，There is no rain at all in summer and autumn。

"Persian Ancient Scriptures" records many places names of ancient Afghanistan，Hrate Oasis in the northwestern Afghanistan，It is called "Harolov" in this book。Hrate City surrounds the solid city walls，There is a rich water source、Vast suburbs。For the urban form distribution of Herat City，It is mainly composed bet365 best casino games of two new and old urban areas，Save the intact outer wall surrounded by the surrounding part of the urban area。From the perspective of the plane，The old city is almost square，The interior is divided into four areas。The north of Herate City is not irrigated due to near the desert land，Mountains in this area are rich in grinding plates and paving stones; the south is the orchard that is rich in fruits，The grapes from grape garden here are quite famous; Hrate City is east，Located in the Liao and Valley of the Harry River is a series of towns，That is Bashan City、Casa City、Asta Tong Bili City、Maki Bazz City and Olympic City，These town water sources are abundant and more prosperous，There are orchards and fertile land around each city，Among them, the rice produced near the city of Bazz Maki is particularly famous，and a large amount of export;，A large amount of wood obtained from the wood，This area is also rich in watermelon and grapes。

Many ethnic groups and tribes live in the Herater area，Mainly Tagoni、Hazala (De Hei Janat)、Jamhid、Philitz Cun and other ethnic groups。On the ancient caravan route through the Iranian plateau，Hrate City and its surrounding areas occupy an important strategic location。From a geographical point of view，The southern part of the ancient Hrate area is Sistan，Northwest is Patia，Northeast is Daxia。During the heyday，There are 12,000 shops in the market in the city，6000 hot bathhouses and 659 schools，There are about 444,000 residents。

Hrate's History Following Revolution

6th century BC Persian Achi Menid dynasty，The Hrate area mentioned in the list of the Royal Inscriptions.，At that time, the city of Herat and its surrounding areas was unified in ancient Persian.。The name of the name of the Harry comes Bet365 lotto review from the Harry River, 5 kilometers south of Hrate。In Alexander Emperor era，Hrate was an important strategic place。After the death of Alexander the Great，Hrate became the border area between the Patia Empire in the west and the Barteria Empire in the east。At the end of the 2nd century BC，Under the attack of the Patiam，Skytai people were forced to cross the Herat region，Finally settled in Sistan。This period，This area becomes part of the Patia Empire。The word "Harēv" in the Sasan dynasty appeared in the inscription，and mention in the directory of the provincial capital of the empire,，It is also listed as a Christian area。

652 years，The Arab army enters Hulashan and occupies Herate。The Period Dynasties，Hrate is the main struggle area for the leadership of the Arab tribe to fight for power。Arab Rule，Many places have appeared in the Herat region，Since then, Herater has been successively by the Saman dynasty、Gazi Dai and Cales Empire Ruling。1150 years，Guri Kingdom by the Gazi Kingdom Weaken Machine，Incorporate Hrate into the territory of the ancient kingdom。During the rule of Guri Kingdom，Hrate became an important portal to control the Harry Valley and leading to the western Islamic world。1221，The Mongolian army finally occupied the city six months after besieging Herat City。The conquest of the Mongolian caused a devastating blow to Herat，Destroyed in the town，The population drops sharply，Agriculture and other economic activities are severely damaged。1236，According to the order of Genghis Khan's son Wo Kuotai, immigrants settled，Restore Herate City。Since then，Hrate's politics、Culture and commercial city，Several wars have been severely damaged again。

Around the 1960s，Timur Bet365 app download is centered on Sistan，Established a new country of a nomadic tribe alliance，and gradually expand the territory to Iran、Little Ya Mina、outer Gaoco、Volga River Basin、Siberia、Tianshan area、Huazhu Ziming and North India，and occupied Herate in 1381。1409，Timur's son Shaharuding is all in Herate，Seal the empire to the princes。1510 years，The founder of the Timuries was defeated by the founder of the Iranian Safavi dynasty,，Herate has belonged to Persia since then。16-18 Century，Afghanistan is in the occupation and competition of the Mughal dynasty and the Safavi dynasty，As the Persian Empire collapsed in 1747，Ahmadsha established the Dulani dynasty，Rebuted Herat and used it as the capital，Make the unified Afghan country formally formed。

　Cultural exchanges and trade exchanges

"Silk Road" is the great arteries that penetrate and East and West traffic in the history of the world，Afghanistan is in the hub area of ​​this geochemical artery，and Hrate undoubtedly become the intersection of many important trade routes。As early as the kingdom of the Kingdom of Guri was one of the main trading centers at the time，As the "Silk Road" on the goods transit station trade on the business team，Hrate and China at that time、India、Main Mediterranean countries maintain business contact。Since the 13th century，The "Silk Road" from West Asia to China is also there，Among them, a southern branch branch，Crossing Hrate on the way to Kandaha and India。So，At that time, Hrate became a prosperous market for various product transactions in Asia。With the establishment of the Timur dynasty，As an important city along the "Silk Road"，Many merchants shuttled in the Herate area。Hrate became the capital after becoming bet365 best casino games the city，Gradually develop into an international business and cultural center in Central Asia，Joint business travel from all over the country、Scholar、Official、Artisan。The ruler of the dynasty attaches importance to cultural exchanges and development，attract outstanding scholars from all over the world through excellent conditions，Promoting the cultural prosperity of Herat City。

Prosperous material、Cultural exchanges and frequent personnel flow，It has also promoted the scientific and technological exchange of various civilizations，enable Eurasian civilizations to take the shortcomings of people's strengths，Historical progress in the collision and blend of civilization。Timur's heirs Shaharu are an artist、Scholars and poets protectors，Under his advocacy，Hrate quickly became an important center of Central Asian civilization。The grand palace in the city、Library、Garden and Park，Added glory to the capital。Especially during the rule of Shaharu，Economic prosperity in the Herat region，Business prosperity，Farmland water conservancy and handicrafts have all developed，and many mosque and Muslim schools were built in the city。other，Starting from the Shaharu period，within the past century，Because the ruler advocates art and culture，The situation of cultural prosperity centered on the Herat region appeared，This period is known as the "Renaissance era" of Afghanistan。As an ancient Eurasian continent, the "Silk Road" of the great artery "Silk Road" not only flows material and culture，It also carries the scientific and technological achievements of various civilizations。Hrate as a transit station for the Eastern and Western trade，It is also an important Bet365 app download node for technical exchanges on the "Silk Road"。It is the entire line of the "Silk Road"，Push the civilizations to the new climax in the exchanges of Herat。

Hrate is not only the culture and political center of the Timur dynasty，And as an important international trading city on the "Silk Road", it continues to play its role。In Herate City，Stores and various handicraft workshops spread throughout the streets，The market is full of agricultural and animal husbandry products around the country。Handicraft Association and "Jimei" market for various handicraft products for various handicraft products，Parenting to associate with each other。Hrate and Balk、Kandaha、Gazi、Kabul and other cities compared to，in China、India、Iran and Europe have a leading position。The Timur dynasty period，From Herater to China、India and others sent envoys，Other countries to visit each other。1413，Ming Chengzu sent a huge group of 300 people to visit Herat。As the secretary of the group Chen Cheng，Li Si, who assisted him to work together，I wrote "The Journey of the Western Regions" and "Western Fan Guozhi"，Records the social customs of this "great country in the West"、Product、Trade、Culture and religious situation。

As a place for throat locks in the western section of the "Silk Road"，It is also one of the few surviving ancient cities，Hrate City has left a strong ink in the history of Eurasian civilization exchanges。Although the conquest of the Arabs and Mongolians is suffered，Hrate City has been in the war for many years。But the strong Timur Empire continued the surplus pulse of the "Silk Road" interaction，Not only does it provide historical opportunities for the development of Herat City，It also makes it a place Bet365 app download of gathering in the interaction of civilization in Eurasia，Hirat reappears in the "Silk Road" in the grand occasion of Eurasia。

​​(This article is the National Social Science Fund's unprecedented special project "9-14 century Century Central Asian History Geography Research" (2018VJX021) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)