The intelligent revolution is profoundly influenced and shaped human production、Lifetime and Social Civilization Development Forms。How to cope with the ethical problems and challenges brought by the development and application of artificial intelligence technology，Major topics that all humans need to face in the intelligent era。The international academic community has conducted many studies on various ethical issues and prevention that new technologies may trigger.，worthy of our attention。

　　Bet365 app download

Artificial intelligence obviously exceeds the category of traditional tools，With learning ability，Can make decisions，Adjust behavior according to environmental changes，Then generate corresponding ethical consequences。So，How to determine or define the identity and status of artificial intelligence in human society，Can it become a moral subject or a legal subject，Take responsibility for your own behavior or incentive? The foreign academic community thinks，The discussion of these issues is still to be restored to what self -consciousness、Questions of free will。From 1956, Tuing (A. M. Turing) proposed the "Turing Test" idea to start to the "Chinese House" ideological experiment in J. R. Searle，Then the ideological achievements such as H.Dreyfus still cannot do: artificial rational criticism，Early artificial intelligence pioneers based on the essence of artificial intelligence，The difference between the difference from human intelligence is generally considered，Artificial intelligence does not have the consciousness of people。

In recent years，With the development of new technology indexes represented by artificial intelligence，Whether the autonomous bet365 Play online games machine can become the main body，Topic to become an inevitable topic。Where，Most scholars believe that machine intelligence depends on algorithm programs，It is difficult to derive self -consciousness and free will like people，Therefore, it is difficult to become a moral subject。They think that human mind (Mind) is composed of two parts，Through form logic、Knowing the law of nature、Grasp、Calculation consciousness of the transformation object world，Social emotional consciousness that confirms the essence and meaning of the main world through objective activities and communication activities，The autonomous consciousness expressed by the machine is just an simulation of intelligence to human beings。M. Boben believes that it is difficult for humans to design general artificial intelligence，Because artificial intelligence only focuses on intelligent rationality, social emotional intelligence is ignored，No wisdom (WISDOM)。Zizeke emphasized that the computer should not imagine the brain model of an adult，Perform the human brain as a "flesh -and -blood structure computer"，and the human brain cannot completely restore it as a composition model model。but，Some future scholars believe that the machine will derive the consciousness different from human beings in the future and intelligence beyond human，Once super artificial intelligence，It is difficult for humans to communicate with them，It is also difficult to obey the moral rules of human beings。Ray Kurzweil in 2005 proposed the "technical strange point" theory，It is believed that the subjectivity of people in the future will be challenged by the machine。Michael Anderson couple edited the book "Machine Ethics"，Open the way of machine ethics research with machines as responsible subjects。With the development of the artificial intelligence technology index level，Whether the machine can Bet365 app download break through the restrictions of causality in the future，Derivative consciousness，Need to follow up with the theory。

Western scholars' argument about whether machines can become moral subjects，Thinking of our re -attention and review of the "what", "what we should treat people", "what are the essence and limit of technology" under the trend of artificial intelligence。

　　Moral ethics risks generated by artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence technology has a lot of contact with people since the development of the development，As early as 1950，Norbert Wiener, the founder of American Control theory, believes that robotics will be full of uncertainty from good or evil，But the robot will replace humans to work，It may cause the "depreciation" of the human brain。Western scholars' moral ethics risks for artificial intelligence，I carried out in -depth systematic research and exploration。

First，Artificial intelligence technology causes workers to unemployment，Forms a new social injustice、Discussion on issues such as technology gaps。Many Western scholars believe that artificial intelligence causes a lot of unemployment、Risks such as increasing gap between the rich and the poor。such as Yuval Harari believes that with the evolution of technology，Most people are reduced to "useless class" by artificial intelligence because they will be replaced by artificial intelligence，Only a few elite classes that master technical and resources will evolve into super humans，Social class solidification、Polarization。How to better protect the right to survival and development，James Hughes and others proposed to establish a comprehensive basic income system through tax and wealth public ownership，Unemployment and social injustice caused by intelligent technology。

2，Debate of uncertain ethical risk of artificial intelligence technology。"Who should be responsible for the behavior of the machine" has become an increasingly severe responsibility ethical issue。Some scholars bet365 best casino games advocate designers、Manufacturer、Programmers and users should control the social consequences of the robot for control and supervision，Emphasize the ethical responsibility of robot engineers。Other scholars advocate to design algorithms in a moral embedded way，Make the machine the moral body of the built -in ethical system，To prevent ethical risks generated by artificial intelligence during the design and application stage。2009，American scholar Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen in the book "Moral Machine: Teach Robot Differential Differential"，A more systematic analysis of how to design a moral machine。But，Moral algorithms face value selection and conflict。There are multiple moral norms and ethical principles in human society，It is difficult to make a contract between each system，What kind of moral specifications to set the calculation algorithm become a problem。other，The ethical demand of the designer is not one yuan，How to choose a moral machine when designing moral machines also becomes a problem。Based on this，Some scholars such as J. Bryson (J. Br system) and so on how to sort it on how to perform value、Solving value conflict、Discussion on the theoretical framework of seeking universal ethical consensus as a design moral machine，They generally take the machine that is harmless and friendly to humans as the primary ethical principles。

third，concerns about the origin of artificial intelligence technology to break through the boundary of traditional human moral ethics。Except the above problems，Some scholars have expressed concerns about the following issues。Human excessive dependence on intelligent technology，It is easy to lead to technical hegemony and technical slavery，Causes social uncertainty risks and crisis; the application of nursing robots has materialized elderly、Children，Weakened or infringed its dignity、Freedom、Privacy bet365 best casino games and other risks;，increases the risks of regional conflicts and the possibility of war and large -scale killing。

　Artificial Intelligence Ethics Risk Prevention Thoughts

Various ethical issues that may cause artificial intelligence，Western scholars generally believe that it should be designed from machine ethical value orientation、Industry standard settings and legislation to prevent and avoid artificial intelligence ethical risks。

What has a great influence in the international academic community is top -down moral coding and bottom -up moral learning machine design ideas。The former advocates embedding the moral rules of human society as a program coding algorithm，Make the machine can make moral decisions through calculation and reasoning。The latter believes that human moral behavior is in specific moral scenes、I learned from the interaction with others，Therefore, there is no need to encode it in advance，Let the machine observe through moral cases、Interactive learning with other morals becomes moral actors。

These two designs have limited，What kind of ethical value embedding of the former and how to cope with complex moral scenes，The latter exists without ethical guidance system，Only by machine learning，The moral sensitive data of entering the machine will get the problems of what results will be obtained。Mark Coeckelbergh believes，The current machine learning is essentially a statistical processing process，Therefore, it is difficult for the machine to be trained as a complete moral actor，He advocates designing moral machines from the relationship between human -machine interaction。

Countermeasures to prevent and avoid artificial intelligence ethics risks through industry standards。In recent years，European Robot Research Network (Euron)，The National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the National Science Foundation、Korean trade、Ministry of Industry and Energy to guide the research Bet365 lotto review on artificial intelligence ethics from the national level。Some industry associations such as the British Standard Association (BSI) promulgated the "Ethical Design and Application Guide of Robot and Machine System"，American Electrical and Electronic Engineer Association (IEEE) proposed the "Ethical Design" (EAD) specification，Disclosure of algorithms caused by designer cognitive preferences、Social injustice and other questions。

Practice to resolve artificial intelligence ethics risks through institutional specifications。April 2021，The European Commission passed the Legislative Proposal of the Artificial Intelligence Law，Unacceptable risks of the functions and uses of artificial intelligence、High risk、Limited risk and low risk distinction，and proposed clear、Specific corresponding classification governance and regulatory system。

International academic circles of "ethical design" moral machine feasibility exploration，Provide us with trusted artificial intelligence for us。The current and future that is unpredictable in the epidemic，Human destiny rest and common，Accelerate the deep integration of artificial intelligence and in various fields，It is the general trend to make the world form a pan -intelligent earth village。So，Dispute controversy，Seeking a global consensus，Design moral machine with the largest number of conventions，Uncertainty risks to jointly resist the future is very necessary、Urgent and may become possible。But these scholars focus on how to avoid technical risks，Ignoring the polarized ethical risk of the lack of humanistic value in technology applications。To solve these problems，We should always adhere to the law of scientific and technological development centered on the people，In the development and application of technology, the dignity of the maintenance person will always be，The value of the caregiver bet365 best casino games is the fundamental goal and the front conditions。

(Author Unit: Marxism College of South China University of Technology; Institute of International Issues Institute of International Sciences, Guangdong Province)