Nisa Ancient City (hereinafter referred to as "Nisa City") was once an ancient peace country (also known as the Patia Empire、Anti -Empire、Annium dynasty，The following referred to as "rest") capital，Its site is near the capital of Turkmenistan's capital Ashhabad。As a heavy town along the ancient Silk Road，Nisa City is promoting trade between countries and regions and humanities、Scientific and technological exchange and other aspects played an important role。

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Nisa City occupies an important position in the history of West and Central Asia，Chinese、Greek、Arabic、There are records of Nisa City in Persian language，Its names in different languages ​​and literature are not the same。In ancient Chinese literature，Nisa City has been named the names of "Paei Duwa" and "Paidina" and other names。"Pattia Post Cheng Zhi" by Essel, the Greek geographical scientist Kamikus, records Parotonisa City，And introduced that the Greeks call it "Nisasa"。Some Persian Language records Nisa City as "Nisa" or "Nazar"，In the 10th century, the Persian geographical book "World Realm" in the 10th century，Nisa City is recorded as "Nisha"，It is also known as "Nanasha is a very pleasant town at the foot of the mountain，between the mountains and the desert，Its climate is not good，But there are flowing water "。In Avis Tuo language，Nisa City is known as "Nisa"，The records in the "Avis Toro" by the ancient Iranian bet365 best casino games taught can confirm this。Arab geographic scientist Ibn Huldzbich in his "Doulipang State"，Draw the name of Nisa City as "Nasa"，There are records such as "King Naisa called Ebraz"。

Nisa City used to be a strategic place，historical records about the city，Tatling back to the 4th century BC Alexander East Expedition。247 BC，The tribal leader of Alssa is called the king，Establishing rest，and determine Nisa as the country's first capital。Since then，Although the territory of resting gradually expands，Its capital has also changed several times，But Nisa City has always been an important city of rest。The importance of Nisa City is largely derived from its special geographical location，From the city of Nisa to the west to reach the Gorgan area along the coastal coast，Not far east is another historic city Merff，The Karakom Desert north，Sambul and Mashhad, an important city in the south of the region，The superior geographical location enables Nisa City to connect to the regions of all regions more conveniently。

After the death of rest，Nisa City was damaged by the war and was affected by the war，Fortunately, the Sasan dynasty who replaced the rest of the city rebuilt the city，New Nisa revives in the second half of the 5th century。During its heyday，The Sasan dynasty controlled the right to trade through the Pamir Plateau to the two river basins，Nisa City has therefore become one of the East Trade and Transport Essentials in the Sasan dynasty。

mid -7th century，Arabs occupied cities and towns such as Nisa，Establishment of Eastern Affairs Horoshan Province，Nisa City is also attributed to the jurisdiction of the province of Horoshan。Shortly after the establishment of the bet365 Play online games Aza dynasty，Some local regimes appeared in the territory，The ownership of Nisa City also continues to replace with the rise and fall of these local regimes。11-12 centuries，Nisa City can develop as a regional trading center，In the early 13th century, it was severely damaged due to war again，Gradually decline after the 16th century。

　　External communication and interaction

In view of its convenient geographical location，Nisa City has become one of the important business hubs along the "Silk Road"，and the "Silk Road" also promoted the economic and trade exchanges and cultural interaction of the rest of the country with China and other countries。At that time，Commercial activities in the Eastern Region are mainly concentrated in the area around Nisa City。Zhang Jian opened the "Silk Road" through the "Silk Road" journey，Best interest gradually becomes China and India、Trade agencies in countries and regions such as Rome，Silk、lacquerware、Ironware、Chinese products represented by glaze have gradually flowed into the country，Among them, the Silk is the largest and sells the largest and sells in West Asia and the Mediterranean region。At the same time，Grape、Set beet、Fennel and other Central Asia and West Asia products and European jewelry、medicinal materials, etc. also introduced into China。Nisa City as an important business center played an important role in this trade exchanges。Turazhen Ji Gongzhu in Rome, Italy (also translated "Turajin Kai Trum Pillar") decorated with a total length of more than 200 meters of relief，Among them, the image of the Roman army and the peaceful army combat，The composite bow held by the soldiers in the picture is similar Bet365 app download to the bow and arrow unearthed from the Naya East Han Tomb of Minfeng County, Xinjiang。This can be seen，At that time, the business exchanges between China and restaurants were active，There are a variety of goods traded on both parties。As one of the main weapon production sites in Central Asia，Nisa City and the Western Regions also have exchanges and mutual learning in weapon production。

Nisa City is both an important commodity trade hub on the "Silk Road"，It is also a well -known cultural exchange place。Temple unearthed from Nisa City、Mausoleum、Palace and other building relics，and "Laitong Cup" (a corner wine glass)、marble statue、Most of the large number of crafts such as silver products and stone products have both local and Greek art characteristics，It reflects the communication and integration of Persian civilization and ancient Greek civilization。Nisa's "Laitong Cup" is carved by Xiangzhu，The mouth of the cup is "Eaves"，Cup body vertical，Carved Greek god pattern，The subject matter is the West，also has oriental art style，It reflects the communication and integration of Eastern and Western civilizations in Nisa。"Laitong Cup" discovery also shows that Nisa City has interaction with India，even established a contact with countries such as Africa。other，Although Nisa City has been in war for a long time，But it has a unique historical value at the cultural level。Many philosophers who have made outstanding contributions and deeply influence、Writer、Poet and religious scholars were born in Nisa City。War did not block the spread of cultural thoughts in Nisa City，Nisa City not only provided a shelter for many scholars at the bet365 best casino games time during the war，and also preserved important cultural and knowledge heritage for future generations。Given that it records the glory of the past and the context of the cultural exchanges of the East and the West，In 2007, the Nisa City site was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in the name "Nisa Pattia Fortress"。

Nisa City is planted in agriculture、Handicrafts and other aspects of outstanding achievements，Living in an important position in the history of scientific and technological exchanges。In the area where it is，The vast and fertile land on the valley and Pingyuan provides good natural conditions for agricultural activities，Gradually developing Nisa City and its surroundings into an important agricultural area，Nisa City was once known as "Horoshan Grain"。Annium dynasty，Agriculture is the main source of economic income for Nisa people。Archaeological data display，Nisa people not only grow grains，and plant grapes in large areas，other，cotton and sesame is also a common crop in Nisa City and its surrounding areas。historical records，Nisa City "Vulgar Turkish，Gengtian，field rice wheat，There are Pottery wine "。At the same time，Ancient Nisa people attach great importance to the protection of the ecological environment。Base Gelarine Ibn Houcale's record，Nisa City is a big city，The environment is beautiful and pleasant，Surrounded by gardens and water sources around，The rich village stars are dotted in the river valley area near Nisa City。During the process of carried out agricultural activities，In order to enable farmland to maintain long -term stable and high yield，Ancient Nisa bet365 Play online games people have the habit of rotation。Through rotation，Not only can biological fertilizer and nutrients return to the soil，and can effectively avoid soil loss，Keep the nutritional component in the soil complete，Then increase the output of crops。other，The handicraft technology of Nisa City was also more advanced at the time。Indian businessmen often go to Nisa City for trade，Transfer from sea road to India's Chinese silk to this，Learn from the Nisa people、Animal Husbandry and other skills，These skills once prevailed in the Indian valley area。Disposal technology，The Nisa people also continuously absorb the results of scientific and cultural development in neighboring countries and regions，Chinese medical knowledge and Indian mathematical knowledge，All have attracted high attention from the Nisa people。

Now，Nisa City has gone through more than 2000 years of history，We can see，The rise of the "Silk Road" provides historical opportunities for the development of Nisa City。As one of the important transportation hubs at the time，Nisa City is located in the core area of ​​the "Silk Road"，Frequent business exchanges and cultural and scientific and technological exchanges have prompted Nisa City and its surrounding areas to show the historical style of integrating western and western civilization。Although Nisa City is eroded by war fire，And finally declined with the interruption of traditional business roads on land and the arrival of the era of great sailing，But it is a heavy town on the "Silk Road" on the land，It has an important position in Eurasia's communication，worthy of our continued attention and research。

bet365 best casino games (This article is the National Social Science Fund's unpredictable special project "9-14 Century Central Asian History Geographic Research" (2018VJX021) phase results)

(Author Unit: School of Marxism, Northwest Normal University)