"Enlightenment of Manchu Chinese Characters in bet365 bonus code pa" (hereinafter referred to as "Enlightenment of bet365 bonus code pa") was first published in 1730，is a Manchu textbook written by Qing Dynasty Banner Dancer。The book is divided into four volumes，Volume 1, respectively, "Guide to Coupling Characters with Twelve-Character Beginnings of Manchu and Chinese Characters", "Qing Yun Qing Zi", "Manchu Wai Single Characters", "Manchu Wai Lien Zi", "Qing Zi Qing Yun Method", "Yi Shi Qing Zi" and " The sequence of writing and writing during the Qing Dynasty》、Volume 2 "Chinese and Manchu Expressions"、Volume 3 "bet365 bonus code pa Zhuyuxuzi"、Volume 4 "Distinguishing the Characters of the Qing Dynasty" and "The Interpretation of the Characters of the Qing Dynasty"。It is rich in content，Conversation exercises included、Grammar and vocabulary explanation、Text writing and other content，Towards the history of the Qing Dynasty、Manchu History、The history of Chinese language and the study of early Beijing Mandarin are of great value。

Beginning in the early 18th century，The language teaching model and heterogeneous culture in Manchu-Chinese bilingual textbooks represented by "bet365 bonus code pa" have attracted the attention of European intellectuals。In order to adapt "bet365 bonus code pa" to the local cultural environment，European scholars translated it、Borrowing and adapting，Making this book one of the important ways for foreigners to understand Chinese culture。By studying the spread of "bet365 bonus code pa" in Europe、Acceptance and influence，You can learn more about China in the eyes of Europeans。

　Widely used in Russia

Russia is the first country in Europe to translate "bet365 bonus code pa" and apply it in teaching。Since 1715，Eighteen Russian Orthodox missions in China arrived in Beijing，According to regulations，Members of the religious group need to learn Chinese and Manchu，This also makes many of them become talents in Sinology and Manchu learning。With his efforts，Manchu-Chinese bilingual teaching materials represented by "bet365 bonus code pa" have been widely and effectively used in Russia。

Russian scholars pay attention to the translation and introduction of the Manchu text of "bet365 bonus code pa"、Interpretation and borrowing，His use of "bet365 bonus code pa" has distinctive textual and philological characteristics。Ilarion Rosokhin, a member of the Second Russian Orthodox Church in China, is the founder of Russian Manchuria，He translated "bet365 bonus code pa" into Russian while stationed in China，Introducing "bet365 bonus code pa" to Russia for the first time。Rosokhin later returned to Russia and taught at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences，Also often use the translation of "bet365 bonus code pa" for grammar teaching。

Except for Luo Suoxin，There are other Russian scholars who further interpreted "bet365 bonus code pa"，Compiled language teaching materials and teaching aids，And "bet365 bonus code pa" has also been continuously used as a teaching material。1780，Anton Grigorievich Vladkin, a member of the 7th Russian Orthodox Church in China, used Manchu elementary education materials such as "bet365 bonus code pa" to compile the teaching materials "Russian Students' First Introduction to Manchu" and "Russian Students' First Introduction to Manchu Grammar" "Qingwen Study Guide"。Mid 19th century，Joseph Mikhailovich Wojzechovsky, a member of the 10th Russian Orthodox Church in China, compiled ""bet365 bonus code pa" Manchu Analysis" and other textbooks while teaching Manchu at Kazan University，And use "bet365 bonus code pa" as a teaching material，Teaching Manchu grammar knowledge in reading class。1851，Vasily Pavlovich Vasilyev, a member of the 12th Russian Orthodox Church in China, replaced the deceased Wojcekhovsky as a Chinese teacher at Kazan University。To help students learn Manchu，Vasiliev wrote "Introduction to Manchu" in 1863，The second part of the book, "Spoken Language Samples" uses 17 dialogues from the Manchu textbook "One Hundred Articles" and 40 dialogues from "bet365 bonus code pa" as examples。Later，1879，Ivan Zakharov, then a professor of Manchu linguistics at the Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg University, and a member of the 13th Russian Orthodox Mission in China, was referring to "bet365 bonus code pa", "Sanhe Notes", "Qingwen Preparation" and other Manchu Based on teaching materials，Written his masterpiece "Manchu Grammar" according to Latin grammar rules and terminology。

　The bet365 bonus code pa part is valued by French sinologists

France is one of the major centers for overseas Chinese studies。The Chinese part of "bet365 bonus code pa" has especially attracted the attention of French sinologists，To some extent, its spread in France is also a reflection of the evolution of the French sinological research tradition。The French sinologist Remusard and his disciple Rulian have made outstanding contributions in translating "bet365 bonus code pa" and promoting Chinese learning。

Remoussa is one of the pioneers of French Sinology research。1820，Remusa introduced the function word grammar and spoken conversation content in "bet365 bonus code pa" in the book "Tatar Language Research"，Specially pointed out that the book is bilingual，And selected key Manchu words to re-explain and re-explain their usage。

Rulian inherited Le Musa’s mantle，Outstanding achievements in sinology research。When he was teaching Chinese in the Chinese Department of the Collège de France，Use the dialogue part of Volume 2 of "bet365 bonus code pa" "Han-Manchu Dialects" as a long-term teaching material，And selected the Chinese parts of Volume 2 to be compiled into the Chinese textbook "Everyday Spoken Words"。Note from the book "Rulian will later publish the Thousand Character Classic and the Three Character Classic"，And provide translations of all words for beginners、Comment and compare Chinese and French”，"Everyday Spoken Words" is written to meet the reading needs of intermediate and advanced Chinese learners。

Although French sinologists represented by Remoussa have not actually set foot on Chinese soil，But from its value to "bet365 bonus code pa"、Evaluation of status and its use as a textbook，They are good at absorbing and learning from China’s academic achievements，Has high acumen in philology。Le Musa’s sinological thoughts were inherited and continued by his disciples，Has an important influence on the development of French Sinology。

　　British and Italian scholars pay attention to bet365 bonus code pa grammar

Manchu is a clinging language，The way of forming words、The expression form has many similarities with Indo-European languages，Therefore，The third volume of "bet365 bonus code pa", "bet365 bonus code pa", which mainly explains Manchu grammar knowledge, has also received widespread attention from European scholars。

Italian sinologist Antelmo Severini studied under Julianne，After completing his studies, he returned to Italy to continue his studies in Sinology。1866，To promote research on spoken bet365 bonus code pa Mandarin and dialects，Severini added literal and free translations of Italian to "Everyday Spoken Words"，The bet365 bonus code pa-Italian interlingual translation comparison text was formed。

British sinologist William Alexander and Italian scholar Giovanni Hoffman studied the grammatical concepts in "bet365 bonus code pa"，Written "bet365 bonus code pa" (English version) and "bet365 bonus code pa" Grammar Summary，Try to extract Manchu grammatical rules using grammatical rules in English and Italian，And refer to comparative linguistics theory and research methods，Use multilingual comparison to express the similarities and differences of languages，In order to help students master the morphological rules and internal logic of Manchu。But their translation and interpretation of the grammar in "bet365 bonus code pa" are different。Take the Manchu function word -i as an example，Wei Lieyali directly characterized its grammatical attributes as genitive particles and possessive particles，Hoffman did not forcefully fit it into the traditional framework of Western linguistics，It is a relatively implicit expression that -i can correspond to the genitive and instrumental cases in Italian。

　　Academic value is gradually recognized

Early 19th century，European scholars are mainly concerned about the translation of "bet365 bonus code pa" and its teaching material value，Failed to conduct a systematic comparative study on Manchu and Indo-European languages。After the mid-19th century，European scholars gradually realize the academic value of "bet365 bonus code pa" in language research，This change is crucial to increasing the depth of their understanding of Manchu language。

The dissemination of "bet365 bonus code pa" in different periods and regions in Europe has its own emphasis，This is no accident，Because bilingual literature has a dynamic and continuous cultural transmission effect。"bet365 bonus code pa" is presented in bilingual form，Collection of text writing、Mandarin practice、Grammar teaching and other functions in one，Shows the customs and culture of China at that time。Early days，To learn Manchu，Scholars and other related people from various European countries mainly use "bet365 bonus code pa" as a teaching material，Chinese mainly plays the role of assisting in understanding the teaching content。Later，The Chinese part of "bet365 bonus code pa" has gradually attracted the attention of sinologists，Become the main body of translation and teaching。Meanwhile，Because Manchu is the representative language of the Manchu-Tungustic language family of the Altaic language family，There are plenty of places for comparison，So its grammatical research value is also valued by scholars，Therefore, the Manchu part of "bet365 bonus code pa" is also a study of Manchu language typology by European scholars、Important historical documents of comparative linguistics。

The overseas dissemination of "bet365 bonus code pa" is the process of encounter and acceptance of heterogeneous cultures and languages，It talks to people from different countries and regions in the form of a textbook，Accepted by local people through reasonable adaptation and translation，This method further expands the spread of bilingual literature represented by "bet365 bonus code pa"，It has acquired another form of existence and meaning at the level of teaching materials (or even beyond the level of teaching materials)，In Chinese and Foreign Culture、Played a unique role in academic exchanges。

(This article is a phased result bet365 bonus code pa major (point) landmark project of Beijing Foreign Studies University's "Double First-Class" construction "Research on the Adaptation of Modern International Chinese Textbooks and the Dissemination of Ancient Chinese Classic Documents from an Intertextual Perspective" (2022SYLZD048)

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 bonus code pa Language and Literature, Beijing Foreign Studies University)