"The Enlightenment of the Manchu Chinese Characters" (hereinafter referred to as "The Enlightenment of Qingwen") The first edition of the first edition of 1730，It is a Manchu textbook written by the dance of the Qing Dynasty Banner。This book is divided into four volumes，Volume 1 "Manchuria Twelve Character Characters", "Cutting Rhymes", "Manchurian Words", "Manchuria Waixin Character", "Cleaning Charism", "Different Clear Words", " "Qingshu Yun Ji Sung"、Volume II "Bested Han Man's Words"、Volume III "Qingwen Assisted Fiction"、Volume 4 "Similar to clear characters", "Qing Zi Xie Similar"。It is rich in content，Including session exercises、grammar vocabulary explanation、Writer writing and other content，History of the Qing Dynasty、History of Manchu、Chinese history and early Beijing official talk research have important value。

Starting at the beginning of the 18th century，The language teaching mode and heterogeneous culture represented by the Bilingual Teaching Materials represented by "The Enlightenment of the Qingwen" attracted the attention of European intellectuals。In order to enable "Enlightenment of Qingwen" to adapt to the local cultural environment，European scholars translate them、Borrowing and adaptation，Make this book one of the important ways to understand Chinese culture outside。The spread bet365 live casino games of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" in Europe、Accepting and influence，You can learn more about China in the eyes of Europeans。

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Russia is the earliest translation bet365 live casino games of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" in Europe and applied it to the Bet365 app download country of teaching。Since 1715，The 18th Russian Russian Trouins arrived in Beijing，According to regulations，The members of the association need to learn Chinese and Manchu，This also makes many of them become sinology and Manchu talents。With its efforts，The Manchu bilingual textbook represented by "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" has been widely used in Russia。

Russian scholars pay attention to the translation introduction of the Manchu text of the Qingwen Enlightenment、Reading and borrowing，Its use of "Enlightenment of Qingwen" has a clear text and Chinese characteristics。The 2nd Russian East Troupe member Irahon Rosin is the founder of Russia Mancho，During his stay in China, he translated "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" into Russian，Introduced "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" for the first time was introduced into Russia。Loosin, who returned to Russia and taught at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences，I also often use the translation of "Qingwen Enlightenment" for grammar teaching。

Except Luosoxin，There are other Russian scholars to further interpret the "Qingwen Enlightenment"，Credit language textbooks and teaching aids，"Enlightenment of Qingwen" has also been used as a textbook for continuous use。1780 years，The 7th Russian Russian Troupe member Anton Groggorevich Veradkin used "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" and wrote the textbooks "Russian Student Manchu", "Russia" Student Manchu Literature and Fa first "" The Guidelines for Qingwen Learning "。mid -19th century，The 10th Russian Russian Troupe member Joseph Mihaylovich Waythovsky wrote "" Qingwen Enlightenment "Manuscript during the teachings of the University of Kazan University，"The Enlightenment of Qingwen" as a textbook，Explain in reading class full of language and grammar knowledge。1851，The twelfth Russian Russian Troupe Bet365 lotto review member Vasili Pavlovic Vasilier in Wakisili Pavlovic Vasiliyev, who died, served as a Chinese teacher at Kazan University。To help students learn Manchu，Vasiliyev in 1863 wrote "Manchu Getting Start"，The second part of the book "Bone Sample" was used for examples of the 17 dialogue in the Manchu textbook "One Hundred Articles" and 40 dialogue in the "Reversing of Qingwen"。Subsequent，1879，At that time, the 13th Russian -Language Professor of the University of St. Petersburg University of Oriental College, the member of the 13th Russian East China Church Team, Ivan Zaharov, referring to the Manchu language of "Qingwen Enlightenment", "Sanhe Paste", "Qingwen Preparation" and other Manchu. Textbook Based，The rules and terms of Latin literature and terms have written their masterpieces "Manchu Grammar"。

　Some Chinese sinologists value French sinologists

France is one of the important towns of Sinology research overseas。The Chinese part bet365 live casino games of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" is particularly attracted by French Sinologists，It is some extent that its spread in France is also a portrayal of the traditional evolution of Sinology research in France。French sinologist Lei Musha and his disciple Rolly made outstanding contributions to translating "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" and promoting Chinese learning。

Lei Musha is one of the pioneers of Sinology research in France。1820 years，Lei Musha introduced in the book "The Research of the Language" introduced the virtual syntax and spoken session content in "The Enlightenment of the Qingwen"，Special pointed out that the book has the characteristics of bilingual control，and select the key Manchu vocabulary to explain and explain it for its usage。

Rulian inherited the mantle of Lei Musha，Excellence in Sinology Research。When he was a professor at Chinese in France's College，The conversation part bet365 live casino games of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" Volume 2 is used as a long -term use of the textbook，and select the second -sized translation of Chinese texts to be compiled as a Chinese textbook "Daily Oral Words"。It indicates that "Rulian will then publish" Thousand Characters "and" Three Character Classics "，and provide a translation of all words for beginners、Notes and China -France Comparison，"Everyday Oral Words" is made in order to meet the reading needs of middle and senior Chinese learners。

French Sinologists represented by Lei Musha have not really set foot on Chinese land，But the value of "Enlightenment of Qingwen"、Evaluation of status and use it as a textbook，They are good at absorbing and drawing on China's academic achievements，It has a higher acuity in literature。Lei Musha's Sinology thought was inherited and continued by his disciples，It has an important impact on the development of Sinology in France。

　　British and Italian scholars pay attention to Manchu grammar

Manchu language is sticky，The word composition method、The expression form is more similar to the language of the Indo -European language，Therefore，"Qingwen Enlightenment" Volume III "Qingwen Aid Fiction" with the main content of explanation of Manchu grammar knowledge is also received wide attention from European scholars。

Italian Sinologist Antelmo Severni Master from Rulian，After learning, return to Italy to continue engaged in Sinology research。1866，To promote Chinese speaking Mandarin and dialect research，Cevarini added Italian literal translation and free translation on the basis of "Everyday Oral Word"，Han -Insertual Translation Comparison Text。

British Sinologist Velei Yali and Italian scholar Jostani Huffman studied the grammatical concept in "The Enlightenment of Qingwen"，Written "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" bet365 best casino games (English version) and "The Summary of the Enlightenment of Qingwen"，Try to extract the rules of grammatics in English and Italian in English and Italian，and refer to the comparison of linguistic theory and research method，Use a multi -language control method to express the similarities and similarities of language，to help students grasp the rules of the word and internal logic of the words and internal logic。But they have different translations and interpretations of the grammar in the Enlightenment of Qingwen。Taking Manchu Words -i Example，Weilie Yali directly qualifled its grammar attributes as auxiliary words and all the auxiliary words，And Hoffman did not barely put it into the traditional framework of Western linguistics，Instead, it is relatively subtle-I can correspond to the belonging and tool grid in Italian。

　　Academic value is gradually recognized

In the early 19th century，European scholars are mainly concerned about the translation of "Qingwen Enlightenment" and their textbook value，Failure to systematically compare the language of Manchu and Indo -European language。After the mid -19th century，European scholars gradually realize the academic value of the language research of "Qingwen Enlightenment"，This transition is important for increasing the depth of its full language。

"Enlightenment of Qingwen" has its own focus in different regions in different regions in Europe，This is not accidental，Due to dynamic and continuous cultural communication effects because bilingual documents。"Enlightenment of Qingwen" presented in bilingual form，Writing of Jiwen characters、Official talk exercises、Grammar teaching and other functions，Show the customs culture of China at that time。Early，For the full language of learning，Scholars and other related persons in European countries bet365 live casino games mainly use "Qingwen Enlightenment" as textbooks，Chinese is mainly used to assist the role of teaching content。Later，The Chinese part bet365 live casino games of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" is gradually valued by Sinologists，Instead of becoming the main body of translation and teaching。At the same time，Because Manchu is the Altay Manchu — the representative language of the Tonggus national，There are a lot of places for comparison for reference，Therefore, its grammatical research value is also valued by scholars，Therefore, the Manchu part of "The Enlightenment of the Qingwen" is also a European scholars study Manchu language type、Important historical documents for comparative linguistics。

The outreach communication bet365 live casino games of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" is a process of encountering and accepting and accepting language encounters，It talks with people in different countries and regions in the form of textbooks，It is accepted by the locals through reasonable adaptation and translation，This method has further expanded the spread of bilingual documents represented by "The Enlightenment of Qingwen"，Another existence form and meaning at the teaching materials level (or even surpassing the teaching materials level)，In Chinese and foreign culture、It played a unique role in academic exchanges。

(this article is the "double first -class" construction of Beijing Foreign Language University "Double First -class" iconic project "Modern International Teaching Materials under the perspective of interoperability and research on the spread of ancient Chinese classic literature" (2022SYLZD048)

(Author Unit: School of Chinese Literature and Literature, Beijing University of Foreign Languages)