In recent years，The global total fertility rate continues to decline，South Korea、Japan、The total fertility rate in Spain and other bet365 score is as low as 1.3 or less。End of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century，The total fertility rate in Nordic bet365 score also experienced a significant decline，But after 2010，The total fertility rate in Nordic bet365 score has remained at a high level，This is closely related to its high-welfare family fertility support policy。Focus on and analyze relevant policy measures and policy value orientations of Nordic bet365 score，It has certain enlightenment significance in solving the problem of low fertility rate。

　　The system provides inclusive bet365 score support

Social childcare services help ensure the quality of child care，Can help women return to work in a timely manner，Is an important institutional guarantee for women to achieve family-work balance，Can effectively lower the fertility threshold，Increase the possibility of fertility。Therefore，Nordic countries emphasize that the government should assume corresponding responsibilities in the field of child care，And legislate to regulate public child care services，Child care services have now become a public matter in Nordic countries。2017，The proportion of public expenditure on childcare services and preschool education to their GDP in the five Nordic countries is all 1.More than 1%。Childcare institutions in Nordic countries generally provide childcare services for bet365 score aged 1-6，At present, mainly public institutions have been formed、Social childcare service system supplemented by private institutions。In Sweden，bet365 score under 1 year old are generally taken care of by their parents during maternity leave，bet365 score aged 1-6 years old can enter public childcare institutions；In Denmark，bet365 score aged 2-6 years old can enjoy inclusive childcare services。Nordic countries not only consider the childcare needs of bet365 score aged 1-6，Also provides pre-school for bet365 score aged 6+、After school care service。In Sweden，bet365 score aged 6-12 can enjoy pre-school classes、After school care service，This service generally includes recreational activities provided by schools and home care services for bet365 score provided by child care providers。Nordic countries have formed a network with low fees、A social childcare system characterized by high quality and accessibility。Data display，2019，Denmark、Iceland、Norway、The nursery enrollment rate for bet365 score aged 0-3 in Sweden exceeds 50%，Far higher than the 35% average enrollment rate among OECD members，Also at the forefront in the world。

To promote women’s self-development，Nordic countries emphasize that both parents share the responsibility of raising bet365 score，And implement relevant concepts into family fertility support policies。They not only provide maternity leave for women，Since the 1990s，Also actively promotes father's leave and other systems。Overall，All five Nordic countries provide paid parental leave of more than 11 months，Wage subsidies during the holidays shall be borne by public finance，The specific subsidy amount depends on the individual’s income level before giving birth and the length of vacation。In Sweden，Both parents can enjoy a total of 480 days of paid parental leave，Those who take 390 days of leave can receive a subsidy close to 80% of their pre-leave salary，For the remaining 90 days, subsidies will be paid according to unified standards，Family with many bet365 score、The length of parental leave and the amount of subsidy for single-parent families will increase accordingly，For families without income, subsidies will be provided according to uniform standards。In terms of time allocation，In the aforementioned 480 days of paid parental leave，Includes 90 days of exclusive leave for mothers，Also includes about 13 weeks of exclusive father’s leave，The remaining leave will be allocated by both parents through coordination。To encourage parents to give each other as much time off as possible，The Swedish Social Security Department also established a fund，The closer the parents’ vacation time is to each other，The more bonuses you get。Finland’s family leave reform plan passed in August 2021 will extend paid parental leave to more than 420 days，And stipulates that both parents have a 160-day maternity leave quota。In Norway，Parents can choose to enjoy 49 weeks of fully paid maternity leave or receive 80% of the pre-leave salary and enjoy 59 weeks of maternity leave，The father has 14 weeks of non-transferable leave。Nordic countries have higher social acceptance of father’s parental leave，Data display from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 2019，The proportion of fathers taking parental leave in Nordic countries exceeds 30%。In addition to encouraging fathers to take parental leave、Assume childcare responsibilities，Nordic countries also have a more flexible parental leave system，Parental leave can be taken in several installments，Months or weeks at a time，You can also take days off or hours off。This flexibility in leave helps parents adjust the length of their leave，Balancing family and work。

In addition to paid parental leave，Nordic countries also provide long-term support to families in child care。For example，Sweden stipulates that parents with bet365 score to care for at home can adopt flexible working hours，Parents of bet365 score under 1 and a half years old can enjoy the convenience of working 6 hours a day or taking a full day off，Parents of bet365 score under 8 years old can reduce their working hours by 1/4 per day，Companies are not allowed to lay off employees during this period。If you encounter emergencies such as child illness，Parents of bet365 score can enjoy up to 60 days of leave per year。Consider different types、Special needs for raising bet365 score in families with different circumstances，In addition to promoting ordinary maternity leave，The Finnish government has also launched a more inclusive parental leave for adoptive parents、Single mothers have equal pay for equal work, parental leave and a series of leave policies。

　　Various ways to reduce the financial pressure of bet365 score

In order to reduce the financial pressure on families in raising bet365 score，Nordic countries adopt a method of sharing family childcare costs among multiple parties，Public finance payment、Combination of partial family self-payment and special family subsidy，Reduce the family’s childcare burden。The part borne by public finance，Although the proportion of public finance borne by each country is different，But generally it is relatively high。For example，The Swedish government bears 80%，The Danish government bears 75%。The part paid by the family，Relevant charging standards are determined based on the specific circumstances of each family，It depends on the family’s economic income and number of bet365 score，Make sure the charges are within the affordability of the family。For example，Norway stipulates that the annual fees for childcare institutions shall not exceed 6% of the annual income of the family to which the child belongs，Low-income families also have the opportunity to enjoy additional discounts on childcare fees。In addition to providing public childcare protection，Also provides families with options for child care，Promote the policy of "child care subsidy at home"，Parents after receiving the subsidy，You can choose to take care of your bet365 score at home or send your bet365 score to private childcare institutions。Since the implementation of this policy，The number of families receiving this allowance has always exceeded 50% of the total number of Finnish families。

Nordic countries also provide child allowances to families with bet365 score、Family allowance and other maternity allowances，Hope to provide financial support to these families through social wealth redistribution，Reduce their financial burden。Generally speaking，Receiving child allowance without family structure、Restrictions on family economic level and other aspects，As long as the child has citizenship of that country，You can receive additional subsidies from birth。Sweden has implemented a child allowance system since 1948，It is stipulated that every child can receive monthly allowance before the age of 16，The current child allowance standard is SEK 1,250 per person per month，And all primary and secondary education fees are free。In addition，The Swedish government will also determine the number of bet365 score based on the number of bet365 score、Income level、Family structure、Provide housing subsidies to families for housing costs, etc.。In Finland，bet365 score under 17 years old can receive a monthly allowance of 95 euros，Also，To reduce the financial burden on families with many bet365 score，bet365 score’s allowance will increase according to the increase in the number of bet365 score in the family。In Norway，bet365 score under 18 years old receive a monthly child allowance of NOK 970，bet365 score from single-parent families can receive higher subsidies。At the same time，Norway also provides women with a one-time maternity subsidy of NOK 38,750，And directly distribute cash subsidies to parents of bet365 score aged 13-24 months，Help them pay for early childhood education。Years of practice show that，The childcare subsidy system in Nordic countries has effectively reduced the financial burden on families in raising bet365 score。

Fertility transition is the key and important content of demographic transition，Over the years，The global discussion on fertility transition and related policies has never stopped，But so far，There is no universally recognized “universal cure”。Although some scholars say，Social welfare does not have much impact on increasing the fertility rate，But judging from the practice of Nordic bet365 score，The effective implementation of social welfare, especially family fertility support policies, has promoted fertility to some extent。The "World Population Prospects 2019" report released by the United Nations shows that，Since entering the 21st century，The total fertility rate in Nordic bet365 score has always remained at 1.7—1.Higher level of 8。Data from "World Population Prospects 2022" are shown again，The total fertility rate of Nordic bet365 score in 2021 is still good，Denmark reaches 1.72，Iceland reaches 1.73，Higher than many other developed economies。

Of course，The high-welfare family fertility support policies in Nordic bet365 score did not happen overnight，It has also gone through a long process of exploration and improvement。Economies of various bet365 score around the world、Society、Population、Resources、Different environmental conditions，Different cultural customs，The high-welfare family fertility support policies of Nordic bet365 score may not all be suitable for other bet365 score and regions。Any social policy needs to be rooted in corresponding politics、In the historical and cultural soil，In order to have a positive effect。The low fertility rate problem that exists in many bet365 score and regions today is affected by a variety of complex factors，Relevant bet365 score and regions need to respond to the actual situation，Effectively grasp the policy guidance to deal with the problem of low fertility rate。

(Author’s affiliation: School of Society and Demography, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications、bet365 score Development Evaluation Institute)