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Informal logic，Definition of Ralph H. Johnson and J. Anthony Blair in accordance with the two main sponsor Ralph H. Johnson，Is a field of logic，The interpretation of arguments for arguments and using natural language is designed、Evaluation、Construction provides specifications、Standard、program。It emerged in North America in the 1960s and 1970s，The direct reason for it is that college students have social politics at that time、Interested in public life，But the logical course professor is in artificial language，Instead of formal logic analysis instead of natural language in daily life，No help to analyze the argument in the real context。At the same time in a sense，The rise of informal logic is also a kind of anti -dialing of various developed rhetoric in North American society, including debate。Some early informal logicists think that rhetoric is just decorative language，Vanity Table，No substance。When identifying and restructuring,，Informal logicians, such as Blair, believe that if you want to distinguish the argument with the non -discrimination，It should be first extracted from the "surrounding rhetoric"。When analyzing theory debate，Informal logic likes to use "simple", "aggregate", "decentralized", "continuous" and other trees to analyze the argument，This perspective regards argument as a static product，Can't describe and explain how to generate the argument，How to communicate and interact with the participants in the debate。When evaluating the argument，This perspective has the fallacy in the identification argument Bet365 app download as the main standard，But the two major arguments of rhetoric -resort to personality and emotional，All deemed to be false，I believe that as long as it can be avoided by false misleading，can effectively judge and deal with the argument in life。

But on the other hand，The "Informal Logic" entry of "Encyclopedia of Stanford Philosophy" pointed out that the earliest in ancient logic education and practice was the rhetoric of the philosopher，What they teach is the words/Logos art that can be used for public discussion and argument，And Aristotle's "Rhetoric" is the same as its logical work，Try to understand the argument in the real life of professors。The most influential in the 1970s，It may also be the earliest informal logic textbook that was crowned in the name of "logic and contemporary rhetoric"。Although the non -formal logic and rhetoric are inextricably linked，But after all, it is developed by logical teachers of North American universities inherited by inheriting the traditional North American university，Because logic and rhetoric have differences in basic theory presets，The former is pursuing certainty，The respect is the confirmation paradigm of the determined conclusion from the premise of the certainty，The latter is uncertain、or sex is the starting point，To win the audience's identity，Promoting its action as a target，So the initial informal logic researchers did not give full attention to。

However, with the deepening of research，More and more informal logic researchers have begun to realize the importance of rhetoric for research。Willard believes that the research of informal logicians has always turned to rhetoric。Rhetoric turning to this statement is the American philosopher Richard Robiti at the "Rhetoric of Human Science" seminar in 1984，He believes that the development of human Bet365 lotto review science first experienced "language steering"，Next is "Explanation Steering"，Now is "Rhetoric Treatment"，This means that "truth and knowledge" is concerned，Rhetoric should occupy the center position，From the perspective of rhetoric to oppose the perspective of objectiveism dominated by research。In this background of this intellectual trend，The rhetoric of informal logic research is inevitable。Turmin's debate mode、Hantulin's research on fallacy and Parman's new rhetoric，Three important theoretical sources considered to be an informal logic movement，And these three have a close contact with rhetoric。Although Turmin did not mention the rhetoric directly，But he believes that for the daily substantive argument，Any saying of "effectiveness"，Whether it is law、Science or medicine depends on the context，This is very different from the positions that have nothing to do with formal logicians.，But the view of the rhetoric on the argument is exactly the same，And he is more applied by the court argument that he is inspired by court arguments to be more suitable for daily life.，It is also very different from the interpretation and confirmation mode of Nataltic logic，But can find a similar mode in classical rhetoric。Hambulin's research on fallacy cannot be revealed by Aristotle's "Rhetoric" about the fallacy，Farewell to introduce the important concept of the rhetoric of the "audience" into the argument，Debate the argument as the faith of the audience's view of the audience，and the flags clearly the masterpiece of the debate research in Parman。and the so -called ignorant factors，For example, narrative、Emotional elements have also received more and more attention，Walton and other scholars will incorporate narrative Bet365 app download into their argument mode，Calculating it as a "narrative -based" debate mode。

Associate Professor Wang Jianfeng at the School of Foreign Languages ​​of Fujian Normal University，In the Base Camp in Africa in Africa in North America, the University of Windsor, Canada、During the study period of argument and rhetoric research center，Entrusted by the Journal of Contemporary Obief，and the four well -known informal logic scholars Lalf H. Johnson、J. Anthony Blair、Christopher Tingder and Douglas Walton conducted interviews and exchanges，and published a series of articles from the end of 2018 to the beginning of 2019，Let us have a more direct understanding of the rhetoric of informal logic research。

In the interview，Blair admits that the initial stage of the rise of the informal logic movement，Their understanding of "rhetoric" is more vague，Mainly inherited the view of the 20th century analysis of the philosophy of the philosophy，Think that rhetoric is the words that can be "deliberately convinced"，But David Zrevsky、Christian Cock、Michael Laff and Christopher Tingder and others have begun to face the influence of rhetoric on rhetoric，Make many informal logic scholars change the attitude of rhetoric greatly。

Blair and Johnson basically recognize the activity that people exchanged views，Therefore, it involves the audience，Also acknowledged that argument and rhetoric involved persuasion，In fact, the correlation they proposed、Fullness、Acceptant argument evaluation mode can see the audience's shadow to a certain extent。But contains relativity for rhetoric、Suspiciousness of lack of logical objectivity，Afterwards, they put forward the concept of "model dialogue" similar to Palman's "universal audience" to make up for，But at the same time they insist that argument must be bet365 live casino games a rational persuasion，Therefore, we still reject the "personality" and "emotion" dimension in rhetoric into the argument。

Douglas Walton is dissatisfied with many informal logic textbooks to label error，Research by personal attacks in actual arguments，He discovered that the subjective argument that resorted to the personality of the personality may not be a fallacy，For example, in legal argument，They may be a means of rational argument，After that, he studied from the perspective of rhetoric and the fallacy based on ignorant arguments and fuzzy rhetoric，And believes that this marks the rhetoric of his informal logic research。For Walton，The audience has always lived in the center of its argument theory，He believes that the rationality of most arguments should be placed in a dialogue context to judge。

and Christopher Tingder is the informal logicist who attaches the most importance to rhetoric，The extent of the rhetoric of his research makes Wang Jianfeng, a rhetoric, calling it "quasi -rhetoric scientist"。Tingder divided the perspective of debate research into products、Programs and processes:，It is used to refer to the logic and debate mode、Erotic -Derivative Mode and Rhetoric Debate Mode。The perspective of the product and the program focuses on the study of the content and method of the argument.，But all ignored the context，How does the latter fail to explain how the rules of the Clear Debate are generated，Process perspective，修，Follow all the participants including the audience、Rhetoric personality、audience emotion、reason、History of the topic、The entire debate context of the previous communication of the participants or the cognitive environment is the cognitive environment.，The argument can activate some of the factors as Bet365 lotto review needed。Tingder pointed out in the interview，Although most researchers now agree with the theory of argument, the theory needs to cover the above three perspectives，But in which perspective is to give, the opinions are different，For example, the concept of "strategic manipulation" proposes the concept of "strategic control"，In a sense, it is considered to introduce rhetoric vision，But let rhetoric belong to rationality (syndrome differentiation)，He believes that this does not really introduce rhetoric。Questions on the criteria for argument and evaluation，Tingder explicitly proposed that "whether the debate is successful，It is not evaluated directly from the perspective of its internal logic support，Instead from the perspective of its impact on the audience "，This is based on the so -called "good" or "correct" argument that the so -called "good" or "correct" of some informal logic researchers。In 2014, the "Rhetoric and Informal Logic" series of "Rhetoric and Informal Logic" series of special lectures，Tingder even thought without regret，Informal logic researchers are only the rhetoric factors in the argument when their basic ideas have been established，If you consider the rhetoric perspective in the early stage，The principles of informal logic research are very different from the issues of discussion。This may be due to the hostility of the philosophy of the informal logic for rhetoric，and the edge position in the modernist thoughts dominated by certainty and empirical rhetoric，The perspective of rhetoric has not been taken seriously。

But the views of the above -mentioned informal logic researchers make us believe that if the argument is regarded as a daily、In the real context, persuade the audience's discourse form，So informal logic inevitably need Bet365 lotto review to use rhetoric to start research，There will be more intersection and interaction between the two disciplines。

　　(Author Unit: School of Foreign Language, Fujian Normal University、Fujian Agricultural Forestry University International College)