The online version of "The World Atlas of Language Structures" released from the Max Planck Institute in Germany，WALS for short)，We can find that the languages ​​in the north of China are almost blank except for Northern bet365 bonus code louisiana (Mandarin)，There is a dearth of data on non-bet365 bonus code louisiana languages ​​in northern China。The "Atlas of bet365 bonus code louisiana Dialects" edited by Cao Zhiyun can be regarded as a comprehensive collection of bet365 bonus code louisiana dialects in China， The dialect survey points in the south are dotted all over the place，But relatively speaking，Northern dialect, especially Gansu、There are obviously far fewer dialect points in Qinghai。Long time，The research on languages ​​and language contact in the Sino-Tibetan language family is obviously much richer than the research on languages ​​and language contact in the Northern Altai Language Alliance。We think，The importance and research value of northern ethnic languages ​​(including northern bet365 bonus code louisiana dialects and their variant languages ​​such as "Wutun dialect", "Tangwang dialect", etc.) can be re-understood from the following aspects。

　　The exchanges between different bet365 bonus code louisiana date back far earlier than written records

Archeology provides us with a relatively reliable vision of time and space，Provides physical evidence for our research on human history。Yin Ruins oracle bones and bronzes represent bet365 bonus code louisiana civilization，The ruins are in Anyang, Henan Province, northern China。Botanical archeology and zooarchaeology in recent years，Provides us with the history and origin of early bet365 bonus code louisiana agriculture and livestock domestication。Articles via Archeology，We see "a bumper harvest，The important sites of "Six Livestock Prosperity" are almost all in the northern part of China's current territory。Ren Lele、Dong Guanghui and other archaeologists have used carbon 14 dating research and bone carbon、Analysis of nitrogen isotopes，Gives us a basic understanding of the origins of domestication of crops and livestock in China。Horse raised in the West、Scalper、Sheep、Goats, etc. were also introduced to northern China from Central Asia (about 5000 to 4000 years ago)。Archaeologists Lu Peng and Yuan Jing pointed out，These Western Spreads、The "typical sites" spread eastward are concentrated in Gansu and Qinghai。Another fact also deserves attention，Based on research by Lu Peng and Yuan Jing，Horse enters northern China，And barley、Wheat entered the upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern China during the Qijia Culture (about 4300-3900 years ago)。Is the introduction of barley and wheat related to the use of horses as a "transportation"？

It can be said，Northern China and Central Asia、Communications in West Asia have already occurred in prehistory。The physical evidence of communication is discovered through archeology of plants and animals。bet365 bonus code louisiana and foreign archaeologists have always been interested in the origin and spread of rice in the south，Thus making it a hot research topic in the field of archeology。The enthusiasm for research on rice in the South is quite similar to the phenomenon of linguistics paying more attention to the language and language contact in the South and Southwest。Since entering the 21st century，With the development of technological archeology，Millet、The origin and research of millet domestication are increasingly attracting attention。In the world of linguistics，To northwest Gansu、The study of languages ​​in Qinghai is also receiving more and more attention。In short，The development of agriculture and the domestication of livestock in northern China indicate that interactions between different groups in the north had a history of thousands of years before written records began。

　　Farming bet365 bonus code louisiana and nomadic peoples interact with each other

Historical documents can be divided into written documents handed down from ancient times and physical remains (inscriptions、Epitaph、Unearthed Documents、Family tree, etc.)。Using Oracle as the upper limit，bet365 bonus code louisiana historical records can be traced back to before the 14th century BC。Historical records tell us，China’s history was created jointly by Han people and non-Han people。Since Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms and established the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC，Many dynasties and regimes in China were established by northern nomads，Like the Northern Wei Dynasty (Tuoba)、Liao (Khitan)、Gold (Jurchen)、Yuan (Mongolia)、Qing (Manchu), etc.。Governments established by other non-Han ethnic groups，History has also recorded it，Ru Xianbei、Rouran (Avar)、Tuyuhun、Uighur、Xixia (Tangut), etc.。

The Han people are typical spreaders of farming culture，The above-mentioned northern peoples are typical nomadic peoples or people who are half-cultivating, half-herding, half-fishing and hunting。Different cultural traditions、Production method、Language customs、Religious beliefs collide、Friction、Learn from or even assimilate。Through the Centuries，Farming civilization and culture have had a profound impact on the non-Han people in the north。The latter converted the farming techniques learned from the farming people into writing、Culture，From religion、Contents ranging from poetry to state governance regulations，Incorporated into their own culture。Khitan people of Liao Dynasty、Xixia party member、The Jurchens of the Jin Dynasty all created their own characters by referring to the rules of bet365 bonus code louisiana character creation。The different survival modes of farming peoples and nomadic peoples are complementary、Mutual benefits，Make the diverse characteristics of the northern people obvious。

　　Linguistic bet365 bonus code louisiana needs the temporal and spatial framework provided by archeology

The research limit of archeology far exceeds that of history and linguistics。Because bet365 bonus code louisiana is not a pinyin text，Linguistics may be subject to the greatest time constraints。Although linguists can use the rhyme in "The Book of Songs"、The homophonic series when bet365 bonus code louisiana characters were created、Modern Living Fossils—Corpus provided by bet365 bonus code louisiana dialects，and Japan、North Korea、Vietnam has historically used the antiphonal sounds of bet365 bonus code louisiana characters as the cornerstone of constructing the ancient bet365 bonus code louisiana pronunciation，But it is still difficult to exceed the time limit without written records。So，Linguistics needs to use the temporal and spatial framework provided by archeology，Discover the original appearance of language on a limited time scale。Xiongnu、Xianbei、Rouran、The language of Tuyuhun and other northern non-Han groups，It has been a bottleneck in language research so far。Until now we don’t know the syntactic overview of these languages，Only scattered ones in historical documents、Proper nouns recorded in bet365 bonus code louisiana characters。Through the unremitting efforts of several generations of linguists，To Khitan characters、The rules of character creation in Xixia and Jurchen characters、Pronunciation of some words、Already have a basic understanding of the meaning。But，To fully decipher all texts，Get an overview of the syntax of these languages，It may take a while。

Northern people contact、Communication、Integrated for thousands of years，The change in language is obvious。If we stretch the time to a scale of nearly a thousand or even hundreds of years，The situation of contact between northern bet365 bonus code louisiana and non-bet365 bonus code louisiana is relatively clear。The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty left some traces in the bet365 bonus code louisiana language of the Central Plains in the 13th century，For example, the "Han language" that was once popular in the north，But disappeared soon。Some usages are short-lived，Failed to be accepted by the northern "standard language"、Absorb。And in Gansu、bet365 bonus code louisiana in Qinghai area，Influenced by local non-bet365 bonus code louisiana languages ​​(such as Dongxiang language belonging to the Mongolian language family、Security language、Tu language、Eastern Yugu，Salar language belonging to the Turkic language family、Western Yugur，Amdo Tibetan, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family, etc.) has a profound influence，Word order changed from verb-object (VO) structure to object-verb (OV) structure，General use of case markers, etc.。Some languages ​​are influenced by multiple languages ​​and form a "mixed language"，Like the Wutun dialect of Qinghai colleagues。Wutun dialect is influenced by Amdo Tibetan and Baoan dialect，Making the vocabulary of Wutun dialect bet365 bonus code louisiana，But the syntax is Tibetan (Amdo)、A mixture of Mongolian (Baoan language) and bet365 bonus code louisiana。Molecular anthropology research and historical documents tell us，Except Tibetan and its dialects，The languages ​​in the Gansu and Qinghai areas should have been formed between the 14th and 16th centuries，Because according to Zhou Weizhou’s point of view，These newly integrated groups were formed during this period。Linguistic research shows，In recent hundreds of years，Northwestern dialect has undergone significant changes，Some syntactic expressions of non-bet365 bonus code louisiana languages ​​have been deeply embedded in bet365 bonus code louisiana。

The history of China and the participation of different groups in the north、Integration is important。Without the temporal and spatial framework and physical evidence provided by archeology，No clues about historical events provided by history，It is difficult for us to clarify the context and direction of the evolution of bet365 bonus code louisiana in northern China。

　(This article is part of the EU ERC project "bet365 bonus code louisiana and Population Mixing in Gansu and Qinghai Region" (ERC-2019-AdG，883700-TRAM) phased results)

(Author’s unit: French Institute of Oriental bet365 bonus code louisiana ​​and Cultures，European Academy of Sciences)