The online version of "The World Atlas of Language Structures released by the online version of the World Language Structure (The World Atlas of Language Structures，referred to as WALS)，We can find that the language in the north in China is almost blank except Mandarin (Mandarin)，Northern China non -Chinese language data is very lacking。The "Chinese Dialect Foundation" edited by Cao Zhiyun can be described as a domestic Chinese dialect， The dialect survey point in the south can be described as a stars，But relatively speaking，North Dialects, especially Gansu、Qinghai's dialect points are obviously much less。For a long time，Study on the research of the Chinese Tibetan language and language contact. Compared with the study of the Northern Altay Language Alliance and language contact, it is obviously much richer。We think，The importance of the northern nation's language (including the northern Chinese dialect and its variant language such as "Wu Tun" and "Tang Wanghua") from the following aspects can be re -understood and its research value。

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Archeology provides us with a relatively reliable space -time vision，Provide physical evidence for our research on human history。Yinxu Oracle and Bronze representatives represent Huaxia civilization，Site in Anyang, Henan Province, northern China。Plant archeology and animal bet365 Play online games archeology in recent years，Provided us with the history and source flow of the domestic and livestock domestication of Chinese agriculture and livestock。Articles through the archeological community，We see "Grasson Valley Feng Deng，The important sites of the six animals "are almost all in the northern part of the current territory of China。Ren Lele、Dong Guanghui and other archaeological scholars through carbon 14 test and skeletal carbon、Analysis of nitrogen isotope，Let us have a basic understanding of the origin of Chinese crops and livestock domestication。The horse raised by the family、ox、Sheep、Goat, etc. also introduced from Central Asia to northern China (about 5000 to 4000 years ago)。Archaeologists Lu Peng and Yuan Jing pointed out，These west gradually、The "typical sites" of the East Biography are concentrated in Gansu and Qinghai。Another fact is worthy of attention，According to the research of Lu Peng and Yuan Jing，Horse enters northern China，and barley、Wheat enters the upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern China. This time period is in Qijia culture (about 4300-3900 years ago)。Is the introduction of barley and wheat connecting the use of "transportation" such as horses?

It can be said，North China and Central Asia、West Asia's exchanges have already happened as long as before history。The physical evidence of the exchange is the foundation of plant archeology and animal archeological discovery。Chinese and foreign archaeological scholars have always had a soft spot for the origin and communication of southern bet365 Play online games rice，This makes it a popular research topic for archeological fields。The enthusiasm and language of the southern rice research pay more attention to the phenomenon of language and language contact in the south and southwest。Since the 21st century，With the development of technology and archeology，黍、The origin and research of millet is becoming more and more attractive。In the language of the language，For Gansu, Northwest、Research on Language in Qinghai also gets more and more attention。Brief words，The agricultural development and domestic animal domestication of northern China indicates that the exchanges of different groups in the north have been recorded for thousands of years.。

　　A farming people and nomadic peoples affect each other

Historical documents can be divided into handed down documents and physical relics with written records (inscription、epitaph、Unearthed documents、Family genealogy, etc.)。Taking Oracle as the upper limit，The historical records of literature in China can be traced back to 14th century BC。Historical records tell us，The history of China is created by the Han group and the non -Han group。Since the establishment of the Qin Dynasty in the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty was established，Many dynasties and regimes in China are established by the nomads of the northern northern nomads，Rudo Northern Wei (Tuoba)、Liao (Khitan)、Gold (Women)、yuan (Mongolia)、Qing (full), etc.。Other regimes established by other non -Han nations，History has also been recorded，Ru Xianbei、Rouran Bet365 app download (Aval)、Tuguhun、Back to、Xixia (Tang Gut), etc.。

The Han people are typical farming culture communicationrs，and the above northern nation is a typical nomadic nomad or a nomad or a half -cultivated, half -pastoral, half -fishing and hunting nation。Different cultural traditions、Production method、Language customs、Religious beliefs collided、friction、Learn or even assimilation。For centuries，The impact of farming civilization and culture on the non -Han nation in the north is extremely far -reaching。The latter uses the farming nation from farming technology to text、Culture，From religion、Poetry to the rule of governing the country and other content，All incorporated into your own culture。Liao Dynasty Khitan、Xixia Party Xiangren、Golden Chao female real people refer to the rules of Chinese characters and create their own text。Complement of different survival models of farming people and nomadic peoples、mutual benefit，The diversified characteristics of the people in the north are obvious。

　　Linguistics research requires archeology to provide time and space framework

The upper limit of the research of archeology far exceeds history and linguistics。Because Chinese is not a pinyin text，The time limit for linguistics may be the largest。Although linguists can use the rhyme of the Book of Songs、The harmonious sound series when Chinese characters were created、Modern living fossil -Craates provided by Chinese dialects，and Japan、North Korea、Vietnam in history borrows the sound of Chinese characters as the cornerstone of bet365 best casino games the ancient sound of Chinese language，But it is still difficult to surpass the time limit of no text records。So，Linguistics needs time and space framework provided by archeology，Digging the original appearance of the language at a limited time scale。Huns、Xianbei、Rouran、Tuguhun and other northern non -Chinese groups of non -Chinese groups，So far is the bottleneck of language research。Until now we don’t know the summary of these languages，Only sporadic、Private term recorded in Chinese characters。Unremitting efforts through generations of linguists，Text of Khitan、Words of Words and Women's True Words、The pronunciation of some words、Significance, etc. I have basically understood。but，To completely decipher all text，Understanding the summary of these languages，It may take some time。

The Northern crowd contact、Communication、Fusion for thousands of years，Language changes are obvious。If we pull the time to the scale of nearly a thousand or even hundreds of years，The situation of the contact of the northern Chinese and non -Chinese contact is clearer。The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty left some traces in the Central Plains Chinese in the 13th century，If the "Haner Word" popular in the north，But soon disappeared。Some usage is a flash of flowers，Failure to be accepted by the "Standard Language" in the north、absorption。and in Gansu、Chinese in Qinghai area，received local non -Chinese language (such as Dongxiang language belonging to the Mongolian language、Security language、Bet365 lotto review Tuju、Eastern Yugu language，Saran, which belongs to the Turkic speaker、Western Yugu language，Andardian Tibetan, which belongs to the Tibetan Burmese,) profound influence，The sequence of the language has shifted from the Binbin (VO) structure to the guest (OV) structure，Generally use the label, etc.。Some languages ​​are influenced by multiple languages ​​so that "mixing words"，Wulun dialect of colleagues in Qinghai。Wutun dialect has been affected by the Andyo Tibetan and Paper，Make the vocabulary of Wutun dialect is Chinese，But the sentence is Tibetan (Anto)、Mongolian (security language) and Chinese blend。Research and historical documents of molecular anthropology tells us，In addition to Tibetan and its dialects，The language of the Ganqing area should be formed in the 14th to 16th centuries，Because according to Zhou Weizhou's point of view，These new blend groups are formed in this period。Studies in Linguistics Digesting，In recent hundred years，Northwest dialect has undergone major changes，Some sentences of non -Chinese language expressions have been deeply implanted in Chinese。

The history of China and the participation of different groups in the north、There is an important connection in integration。If there is no space -time framework and physical certificate provided by archeology，Clues of historical events provided without historicism，It is difficult for us to clarify the context and direction of the evolution of Chinese in northern China。

　(This article is the EU ERC project "Ganqing area language and crowd mixed" (ERC-2019-ADG，883700-TRAM) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author Unit: French Oriental Language and Cultural Institute，Academy of Sciences of Europe)