Two large scale appeared in ancient China、Translation practice of far -reaching national translation，One is the last thousand years、Translation from the Buddhist Sutra from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Peak，Once the Western Translation of Western Studies in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty。In -depth inspection of these two historical stages of translations and postscripts and other translation words can be known，Ancient Chinese national translation practice not only promoted the spread of exotic culture and scientific and technological knowledge in China，It also bred the germination of modern national consciousness and emotions。

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The beginning of Buddhism into China，Private translation from monks and believers in the West of the West，After the people or group organizations are involved in private individuals or group organizations，National translations appear after being supported and sponsored by the regime。Liang Qichao's ancient Chinese representative national translation fields listed in "Translation Literature and Buddhism" have reached 19 places。The ruler admires Buddhism，The translated monks of the past generations have won great pets，Ru Qin King Yao Xing treats Kumorosh with a national teacher，Tang Wu Zetian provides excellent conditions for the translation of Bodhi Liu Zhi。

When the status of the Bet365 app download ancient Chinese translator is improved，Translator and the number of translations can be considerable，It has also formed a more complete translation theoretical system，Like Qin Daoan's "Five Lost Book、Three is not easy "、Sui Yanzheng's "Eight Preparation" theory、Tang Xuanzang's "Five Four" theories and Song Zanning's "six examples" theory，The ontology of the translation involved、subject theory、Objectism and Strategy Theory。After the introduction of Buddhism, the journey of localization，The "Five Precepts" practice method of Buddhism and the life ideal of the Confucian "cultivation" and the moral norms of the "Five Changs"。615 years，The monk of the Sui Dynasty translated "The Pharmacist Rulai Biyin"，In the translation preface, "Twelve Nights forks，Read the Buddha and protect the country。Seven thousand dependents，Cheng Jing Li to benefit the people "，It indicates that the translation of the Buddhist scriptures can not only pray for the disaster for all beings，The original intention of "benefit the people" deep，It also has the work of "protecting the country"。The classics of Xianjiao "Ren Wang Guo Jing", "Fahua Sutra" and "Golden Light Sutra" are also known as the "Three Classics of the Guo Guo"，The classics of Secret Education also systematically explain the idea of ​​"protecting the country and the people" and formulating rituals。Tang Dynasty Tao announced in the "Continuous Monk Biography" declared "Translation of the Translation，Chengyuan Great "，Further clarify bet365 best casino games the value of translation; Kang Monk will translate the "Six Degrees Sutra" when it will pass on the Buddha and Confucianism，Promoting Politics of Promoting Minsheng。The view of the ancient Chinese state views with the "world" view as the core，When Buddhism integrates with Confucianism and imperial power，The translation of the Buddhist scriptures is promoted to the practice of national translation，Become the protection of the imperial power、Methods to maintain order and teach the people，The translation of the Buddhist scriptures from "sacred" to secularization。

　　In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the translation of Western learning in the early Qing dynasties breeds modernity

During the year of Wanli Apocalypse，Obstacles are severe，Inner eunuchs are good at，Soldiers do not practice war，State Treasury empty，Scholars ignore the hardships，Empty talk。At this time，A group of Ming Dynasty senior officials in the process of contacting Jesuits in China，Starting translation of Western learning books，ushered in the second climax in the Bet365 app download History of Chinese Translation。Facing internal and external problems，Xu Guangqi advocates the wealthy country and strong soldiers，He found that the books brought by the missionary Matteo contain a wonderful meaning，Very wide use，The knowledge in "Geometry Origin" is "No need to use，The Base of the People "，The lack of and urgently needed by China，Rotary immediately translated this book with Matteo Ricci，To benefit the world of civil use。In 1631, Xu Guangqi proposed bet365 Play online games "Desire to Win，It must be connected;，The famous assertion of translation first "，It indicates that the translation has the effect of improving national competitiveness。Translation astronomy、calendar and geographical books，It is conducive to providing a new time and space framework to build a new world map，Observe the location of China from it。After that，Li Zhizao, please expand the national translation practice object，Thinking of astronomy、Book of Cultural Studies，Western Water Law、Algorithm、Test、Instrument、Daily Rail、IWC、Medical Science、Music、Poor reason for grid、Scientific books such as geometry are worth translation。Wang Zheng and the missionary Deng Yuhan translated "The Most Record of the Farcicin"，Painted with illustrations，Introduce the basic principles and application of physics。The translation selection materials are based on the principles of "the most cut", "the easiest" and "exquisite"，Although the original text is "the end of the technology"，But because of "concern for the people's birthday"，Or is favored by "urgent need for national work"。At the same time，The language of its translations strives to "concise and easy Xiao，so that everyone can read "，presents the buds of the thinking of translating people's wisdom。

Xu Guangqi、Technology translators such as Li Zhizao and Wang Zheng advocate practical learning，Promoting the use of the world to use，Acknowledged that translation of Western status has a practical bet365 Play online games learning、Usage of Nibiki、Effects of Guangwen Education，This Ming Dynasty in the retreat to lock the country is a breakthrough in cultural consciousness。They care about national destiny，With worry and urgency，Aware of the gap between Chinese and foreign academics，Permanently persuaded the rulers to organize Chinese and foreign translators to translate as soon as possible、Absorption and use of Western science and technology achievements，This is super western。

1960s in the Qing Dynasty began to establish foreign affairs，Organize Western missionaries and Chinese scholars to carry out national translation practice and develop national translation practice talents，Open the third translation orgasm in Chinese history。Compared with it，Western learning translation in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties has several features。First，From the scope of influence，This issue of national consciousness is limited to the top -level intellectual molecule of monopoly knowledge and political discourse rights，It has not become a extensive collective anxiety like the late Qing Dynasty, especially after the Battle of the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War。2，As far as the translator's mentality is concerned，No Chinese and foreign wars and fierce conflicts have not occurred in the same period of time，China has not been involved in the wave of globalization，Therefore, the political and cultural elites can still feel and calmly feel and think about China's situation。But it is Bet365 lotto review undeniable，National translation practice in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties breeds modern national consciousness and pragmatism scientific concept，Show the modernity of modernity in ancient society。Through this east -west cultural exchange，China enters the geographical discovery of the West and cultural discovery，The ideological continuity of the modern translation history based on the category of saving the country and the breeding of the country。third，From the perspective of value orientation，Different from the nationalist translation value theory of "translation book is the first righteousness of the country" in the late Qing Dynasty，Regardless of the translator of the Buddhist Scriptures of the Sui and Tang Dynasties or the translator of Western Xuexue in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Both noticed the relationship between translation and people's livelihood，Reflected the value of the Confucian civilianism。

The current globalization and digital revolution are quietly changing the territory、The traditional connotation of the basic constituent elements of the country and other countries，Strengthening national awareness of the country becomes an important part of responding to foreign challenges。In this context，Looking back on the establishment and development of national consciousness in the practice of ancient Chinese national translation，It is undoubtedly inspiring to study how to strengthen the national awareness through translation。

　(This article is the Study of the Development History of Chinese Translation Theory "(20&ZD312) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​from Huazhong Normal University)