Literature Text，or different versions of the documentation、Costed during the copying process，or the purpose of the editorial editor's editorials is different，Flowing methods are diverse。Therefore，Literature and text After the training and revision of different authors and different authors，or the revision and adaptation of different authors in the same era，Multiple text phenomena，Especially the multi -text of the same document、Communication multi -channel。where，Different versions of words、Text of text formed by words and sentence methods，Record some kind of clue of language changes，Become a valuable document for us to understand the duration of language culture。The text mentioned here，Special refers to those different versions、Quotation or synonyms in the text。Different versions (including the original and the revised book)、Different citations (different times)、​​Refuse Explanation、Different words in Wenbai，Different words of word use of the same concept on vocabulary，Therefore, the same concept can be expressed in different words，Form a large number of different texts (synonymous replacement relationship、New and old ingredients coexist), etc.。multi -party interpretation with "different texts" as a clue，It has become an important method for linguistics research，It is also an important subject for linguistics research。The literature text comparative method is based on the richness of the multi -text corpus，Comprehensive comparison between multiple versions，Research method of becoming vocabulary and grammar。

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Take Yuan, Ming and Qing bet365 live casino games Dynasties as an example，This is a period of more important period in the development of Chinese，Multi -text corpus phenomenon of the same document，It is the "rich mine" we engaged in language research。It is the "rich mine" we engaged in language research，Based by the language phenomenon in it，Comparison with a large number of language facts，It can be found that the positive and custom of Chinese literature in the Yuan and Ming dynasties、The passwords and dialects of the sizes、Various changes in the south and north of the region。These changes also reflect the characteristics and laws of the changes in Yuanmingqing's official words。

For example，"Thirty Miscellaneous Drama" and "Selection of Yuan Song" are a kind of homogeneous rather than the time of common time。The former was created by the author of the Yuan Dynasty，The latter is Uncle Zang Jin's drama collection and order，Its original text poly source。Thirteen of the same script in the same script in the same script、Word、，It can be found that the listener and reader object preset in "Selection of Yuan Song"、expression habits、Language style, etc., all have specific purpose。Specific performance as，Writing the same sound in the writing is as uniform as possible，Choose a commonly used word to replace folk saying，Language expression is far more orthodox and elegant than "30 Miscellaneous Dramas"。Language expression is far more orthodox and elegant than "30 Miscellaneous Dramas"、Speaking characteristics。At the same time，"Selection of the Yuan Song" uses the new language phenomenon produced in the Ming Dynasty; the alternative of the language phenomenon of the rising language in the Ming Dynasty also appeared.。For example，Assume that the assistant "time" is used again，replaced the Yuan Dynasty's "ha"。The new language in the Yuan Dynasty was generally used in the Ming Dynasty，A reflection in the different texts of "Selection of Yuan Song"。

　Literature and text comparison based on textbooks

Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties，Overseas Chinese textbooks have various associated multi -text，It is a very important research literature during this period。Text reveals vocabulary、Clues of grammar development。For example，The "Dadu" of the Yuan Dynasty text of "Old Beggar" to the "Beijing"，Name changes over the times。A batch of corresponding vocabulary，Reflected vocabulary changes in different periods of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties。and "Learning World Evaluation" (1743) two types of Chinese -white comparison，Classical words and vernacular words with alternative relationships，3426_3446。

The British Wihima's "Language Self -Collection · Talking Article" (1867) conducted the full text of the Chinese text of "Qingwen Finger" (1789) in Beijing.，This text was later being Japanese、The North Korean is adapted into Japan、North Korean textbook for studying Beijing official dialect，This also provides reference text for studying early Beijing official words and sentences。and "Qing Wen Zhi Yao" from the Chinese language adaptation from Manchu to Beijing's official dialect produced multiple texts，For example, if the Japanese Guangshi sperm's "Asian Asian Extremely Collection · Talk" (1881)、Japanese Fukushima 90 % edited "Solution of Chinese Questions and Answers" (1892)、Korean Song Xianzhang's "Self -Academic Integration" sixth editor "Talk" (1921), etc.，A lot of clues to show various phenomena in the process of some Chinese translations in some Chinese translations。

"Guide to the Mandarin" (1881)，The corresponding translation text of the Shanghai language "Tuhua Guide" (1889) and the Cantonese "Yueyin Guide" (1895)，The corresponding relationship between the official dialect and dialect words in the late Qing Dynasty is displayed one by one。In "Guide to the Mandarin" and Shanghai bet365 best casino games language、Cantonese rewrite this in this，Vocabulary is rich in synonymous expression content。And the official dialect and dialect sentence by sentence，Also learn dialects for us、Know the dialect open a door。Geographical differences between different text vocabulary，revealing the interaction relationship between them in different historical periods。It is the corresponding comparison between these multi -text language phenomena，Add new content to the changes in the study。

　Novel -based literature text comparison

Ming and Qing local vernacular novels "Jin Ping Mei", "Journey to the West", "Dream of Red Mansions", "Children's Heroes Biography" all have different texts。Such as "Jin Ping Mei" words and Chongzhen Ben have not changed much in content，The biggest change is in terms of words: the former uses more vulgar words，Most of the latter uses positive characters，Reflecting the different styles of vulgar and elegance。For example，means "eating", "suffering", "passive", "cause" and other meaning，The word "begging" in the word "Jin Ping Mei" is mixed with the word "eating"，But "Jin Ping Mei" Chongzhen Ben basically uses the word "eating" in the word "begging"。When the words are "begging"，means "eating", "suffering", "passive", "cause", "reasons", "begging" meaning without words，The changes in Chongzhen's book are "eating", "suffering", "passive" and "cause" words in writing.，Represents "Begging、Seeking the word "meaning" begging "in the form of writing，Differential words are distinguished by recording the differences of text。This phenomenon also has similar performances in the three versions of "Water Margin"。Its capacity and Tangben、Tianqi carved this indicates "eating", "suffering", "passive", "cause", "begging" meaning，"Begging" and "Eating" mix，In the Guan Huatang, it means "eating", "suffering", "passive", "cause", "eat"，means "begging" and basically use "begging"Bet365 lotto review 。This reflects，"Jin Ping Mei" words、"Water Margin" Rong and Tangben、Sky Enlightenment Bands，"Jin Ping Mei" Chongzhen Book、"Water Margin" Guan Huatang Ben used words from Ya，Estimated the vulgar vulgarity of different texts in text。

"Dream of Red Mansions" version many，Cheng Jiabin (1791) and Cheng Yiben (1792) are only 70 days apart，Bytes of B.，The number of words is 19568 words，Among them, the first eighty times were deleted and changed 14376 words。Liu Baoxia investigated the first 80 times of Gengchen Ben、Cheng Jiaben、Cheng Yi vocabulary Similar text，Find the synonyms of the common words among them，Referring to the use of the two texts produced by the Chinese textbooks "Qing Dynasty Finger" and Chinese textbooks in the same period and Chinese textbooks adapted from the "Language Self -Collection · Talking Article"，I believe that Gengchen Ben and Cheng Jiaben，Pass level、Southern dialect usage more，and Cheng Yi's commonly used words are biased towards the north official words。Therefore，Cheng Jiabin and Cheng Yiben have the regional characteristics of southern officials and northern official words in the common words of words。

　Comparison of literary text based on translation

Ancient Greek "Isso Fables" passed on the world for a long time。The fable story represented by "Isso Fables" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties has gradually been introduced to China，It is even translated as a textbook for learning Chinese，There are classical Chinese translations and vernacular translations。In classical Chinese translation，The British Robe and his Chinese teacher, Mr. Meng Mo, translated "Say Meter" (1840) for a total of 82 years，Japanese textbook in Mingzhi in Japan, Beijing official "Izp Meter" (1878) a total of 237 articles，Zhang Ye's series of "Beauty Metaphor" (1888) total 70，Plum Couple Female History (Qiu Yufang) in the "Wuxi Vernacular bet365 best casino games News" is connected to the vernacular "Beauty Metaphysics" (1898) 25，Lin Shu and others translated "Isso Fables" (1903) for a total of 300 rules。Their relevant features also clearly show the classical Chinese、Qian Wenyan to vernacular translation process and the language change clue of the north and south official words。So，Text comparison in different periods of the same mother question，Opened a door for historical linguistics research，We should open their minds to hug them。

In the change of literature and text，There is a origin and derivative between text、The inextricable relationship between the association and the change，Differences or regions、Last、Sonic and other factors，Even the personality differences of the author's language。Each different text expression in language，can all show the development clues of vocabulary or grammar。This allows us to study from the static study of a single text，Dynamic comparative research on multi -text; it can also allow us to find the correlation between versions in different single books、Changeability and interdependence，Make the consolidation of seemingly "useless" a source of "useful" research。other，We can also discover the characteristics of language development and language contact from it。Because of this，They provide important clues in the process of language history changes，Enhanced people's sense of problems with language phenomena。Comparison with a large amount of materials，As a result, the laws are presented，Make many phenomena that are implicitly implied in a single literature in a single document and are revealed。Literature and text comparative law expands the depth and breadth of academic research on language changes，continuously increase the available materials，to make the problem that can be considered more abundant，Gradually become a new perspective bet365 live casino games that we explore the development of language。

　(Author Unit: Chinese Department of Hong Kong Baptist University)