It is generally considered，Shamanism is a primitive religion that remains so far，Widely circulated in the nation of the Alta language system (including Man -Tonggus、Mongolia、Turkic clan)。Because the Wizard is called a shaman because of Tonggus，Therefore, this title is the title。Khitan in Chinese history、Women's True、Mongolia、Waiting for the northern ethnic minorities，All believers of Shamanism。Some people think that Shamanism is a general name for the phenomenon，How to get knowledge，Does not refer to a specific religion。I think，The so -called Shamanism is not the special name of a certain religion，It is a religious group composed of religious and cultural forms with different specific forms in various ethnic groups and has some distinctive common characteristics。Although this religious form is full -the transliteration of Tonggus as the name，But it is not limited to the religious beliefs of many ethnic groups in this language.。Everyone recognizes the native religious and cultural forms of the Alta language nation in northern Asia.。It is because of the comprehensive characteristics of Shamanism，So when people examine the shaman from different angles，It is inevitable that you have seen it。

The encounter of Western civilization and Shamanism，is the product of colonial expansion。It was subject to social history, ideological and cultural conditions at that time，Factors that are diverse and lack of institutional religion bet365 Play online games due to the shamanism，Early report on Shamanism、Records are mostly concentrated in the external performance of Shamanism，Follow the hysteria of the wizard in the shaman ceremony、Neurosis、Epilepsy and other symptoms。Early record about crazy shaman，Leading many researchers from psychology、From the perspective of neuropathy, look at Saoman phenomenon，They recognize the essence of shaman's personal experience and their experience methods，to deny its religious nature。Mi Eliad proposed "Shamanism -Ancient Comatterer"，and point out，"Not every coma is regarded as shaman，The particularity of Shaman is that his soul is believed to leave the flesh and rise to the heaven or fall to the lower boundary "。Some scholars such as Reichkov think，Shaman's spirit is abnormal，"Shaman is a person with nervousness and impulse，and a neurological tissue that is susceptible to stimulate，and this organization is congenital，and it is spread and strengthened due to heredity。So，Psychological pathogenic factors play a role in shaman。Some scholars or referred to as ‘Arctic Disease’ ”。

The results of some psychological experiments indicate，Shaman has a special "response" ability，Being able to extend in the mind、Save the appearance and image in memory，Can cause themselves to respond to them; they seem to be able to look at themselves in a coma。This psychological phenomenon is indeed worthy of in -depth research，But if you only deny the religious nature of Shamanism according to the special consciousness state of Shaman，Can't stand the feet。This special psychological phenomenon is generated by the premise of religious beliefs，As bet365 live casino games a part of the religious ritual，It is social、Mass believers recognize and believe in the way of accepting God's purpose，Therefore, you cannot get rid of the social nature of religion，Just regard it as a personal psychological phenomenon。If you look at the social nature of religion，Then you can see that some of the so -called Saoman's special psychological performance is indeed a form of religious expression，with reasonable。American anthropologist Speiro said: "The belief and ritual of the behavior characteristics of religious actors in non -Western society，Although the expression form is exactly the same as the personal beliefs and behaviors that may show abnormal characteristics in our society，but，If it is recognized or stipulated by the religious system of non -Western society and is passed on to a part of its cultural heritage，So these beliefs and behaviors are not necessarily (or usually not) abnormal。"" "Religious actors get his beliefs and rituals，Because he obtains other aspects of cultural heritage through commonly used teaching and imitation。So，These beliefs and rituals are the manifestation of reality (his cultural composition), not twisted。These beliefs and rituals are always consistent with social and cultural operations，instead of its obstacles。”

Some scholars believe that behaviors and religious rituals that belong to morbid manifestations，The world of faith in Shamanism is generally recognized，and being admired by the believers、conviction。If the social significance of the phenomenon of Shaman Manchu，I will get rid of absurd conclusions，As a result, it is equivalent to some of the morbid manifestations in secular bet365 live casino games life。Shaman's behavior is to meet the normal performance of social needs and meet the religious and cultural psychology，It is reasonable、Normal，Like other religion and its expression forms, the same cultural function，There is no understandable place。From the historical and social nature of religious phenomena，Religious beliefs and their performance can be understood only under their historical background and cultural conditions。All behaviors shown in Shaman，It can only be scientifically recognized in the context of the Shamanism culture。

early 20th century，American anthropologist Baifes in order to collect indigenous cultural objects and images for research、Display for use，I launched a field survey，Multiple indigenous ethnic groups involved from Siberia to the northwest coast of North America。The results of this survey expanded the concept of Shaman and Shaman Jiao from the Siberian region to the vast area of ​​North America，and make people realize that Shamanism is a universal cultural phenomenon that is widely existed in primitive human society，Reflecting the commonality of human culture。Some scholars believe that Shamanism is not religious but a cultural phenomenon。For example，Xu Changhan thinks，Shamanism "The essence is a very complicated cultural phenomenon in terms of structural component and structural type，It is difficult to summarize the word ‘religion’。Some of them or the main cultural structure ingredients are essentially different from religion "。

Needless doubt，Shamanism is indeed a "culture" phenomenon，But if you stay here，It will hinder the understanding of the special nature of the shaman education。"Culture" Bet365 app download is a quite broad concept，Including complicated and rich content，"Culture belongs to the creator that human beings surpass nature，It is the essential objectization of the category accumulated in history ... according to this extensive definition，Everything created by a person can be included in the category of culture，Ru Politics、Economy、Religious、Art、Language、Technology、Philosophy、Education、Language、Customs、Concept、Knowledge、Belief、specification、Value, etc.。From the perspective of the concept level，"Religion" belongs to the lower concept of "culture"，It is not necessary to call it religious culture，But when studying，It should be focused on its special essence，instead of only pointing to the superior concept of its belonging。In short，"Culture" this concept is too broad，"If culture is everything，I can't explain anything "。A scientific concept，It should be able to reveal the nature of things or phenomena。

The founder of religious scholarship, Mueller thinks，The essence of religion lies in surpassing the secular world，"Just as the talent of speaking has nothing to do with any language formed in history，People also have any religious belief talent that has nothing to do with history。If we say that it is religious to distinguish people from other animals，We refer to the religion of Christians or Jews，Instead, it refers to a psychological ability or tendency，It has nothing to do with feelings and rationality，But it makes people feel that the existence of "The Infinite"，So God has a variety of different names，Various different images "。Lu Daji also believes: "Religion is about Superman、A social bet365 Play online games consciousness of supernatural power，and the behavior of faith and worship expressed by this，It is a comprehensive consciousness and behavior and standardization、institutionalized social and cultural system。"The definition of Lu Daji focuses on revealing the nature of religion and its basic content，It is conducive to the difference between religion and non -religious。Although the belief object of each religion、The way of faith is different，Some even weird，But "The difference between them constitutes the particularity of the nature of the religious nature we call，The commonality between them constitutes the universality of the religious nature we call "。Some scholars deny that Shamanism is religious，Generally, Shamanism is attributed to cultural phenomena，Mainly because I only see that Shamanism is in various ethnic groups、In the specific context of each region，Various forms of expression、Miscellaneous，The essence of religion is to believe in the transcendence characteristic of the power of the super on earth。The faith in the "elves" is the embodiment of the transcendence characteristics of the Shamanism belief。In the concept of Shamanism，Forming elves in the world，They are divided into various functions，Both good，Also evil; both disease，Also cure。To reduce the trouble caused by them，Human beings must establish a set of "social order" to manage this type of "elves"。So，Shaman becomes management、Specialized staff of this type of elves。

Shamanism as a primitive religion，The foundation of the consistency cultural behavior and ideological model of the social group at that time，Mother of the original culture。If the concept of modern religious concepts and bet365 Play online games its constituent elements，Primitive religions such as Shamanism are indeed not standard enough。but，Shamanism as a religious form with universal nature，Not only helps us know the early religious forms of human beings，And for the origin and essence of religion，It has important significance。

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(Author Unit: School of Literature, South China Normal University)