History tells us，Poverty problem is directly related to the minimum limit of human survival，Destroying poverty can meet the lowest needs of the people's beautiful life。Surrounding poverty problems，The founder of historical materialism has continuously strengthened the attention of this social reality problem，Criticizing the traditional concept theory、Wei Ling theory。Historical materialism as "real empirical science"，Based on the basic principle of determining consciousness in life，Study the overall development of social history，Emphasize the view of the masses。Engels showed the original position of the historical view of materialism during his youth，and make full use of it in the analysis of the class status of the British workers，Examine the problem of poverty as the overall issue of society。

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Engels regards poverty as a problem of social history，instead of independent economic problems、Political Science and Philosophy Questions。When explaining poverty problems，Engels is not in the established social condition，Instead of opening up the history of the history of Europe，Focus on analyzing the dilemma faced by the British social reform。By combing from ancient times to modern social forms and its typical characteristics，Engels explains the principle of the subjectivity principles and the formation of the principle of singleization under the rule of property，pointed out that the social revolution has greatly accelerated the demise of the feudal system and the demise of the Christian world order。On the one hand，Out of the principle of interest，Politics and religion can no longer explain the essential specifications of people，Everyone starts to strive for freedom and equality; on the other hand，Form with this "more freedom bet365 best casino games principle" as the basis for the poverty alleviation law，It is called a bus -like social existence by Engels。Because I am opposed to selfishness and competition、Promoting the collaboration division of labor and free labor，It is to strengthen the competition system through a improvement method，So as to observe the general poverty of the proletarians on the basis of admitting private ownership。

Engels rejected the spiritual injection method of "Christianity is communism"，Personal responsibility system for refusing to be anarchist，I also opposed the ideological experiments conducted by the imaginative socialist represented by Irving，"Socialist Program for Listing Social Poverty"。Engels thinks，In the face of real poverty and justice，These spiritual materials are obviously meaningless。He obtains data through personal observation，From this found the social root of poverty。Engels pointed out，Poverty problem is the product of social development，The poverty of the working class is the formation of industrial society、The historical results of development。The advancement of the process of industrial revolution has gradually formed competition and monopoly phenomena，Make the gap between the rich and the poor more acute and obvious。With the contradiction between labor and capital、contradictions between people and land、The contradiction between consumption and production，The general seriousness of the business crisis directly leads to a social crisis。

Engels proposed the concept of "social murder"，equivalent the problem of red poverty with the "social murder"，It is believed that this is a contradiction mechanism from productivity and production relations，Directly reflects the problem of the possession of living materials and production materials。but，All unfavorable factors are tilting to the proletariat。At that time，The British Hugg Dose、Tori Party，and the imagination of socialism has not fundamentally explained the problem。bet365 live casino games For example，Hugs explained phenomenon from the aspects of land monopoly and grain law; the Tori Party explained poverty from free competition;，Understand poverty from the established legal relationship。These theorists or economists have neither in -depth inspection of the "general actual situation of modern civilized society"，Nor based on social history as a research object，Therefore, there is no phenomenon of competition and monopoly、The relationship between the relationship between ownership and liberalism and the conflict between the relationship between productivity and production。Engels pointed out in "The Class of the British Workers": "The reason for poverty lies in modern social relationships，Especially competition。"He pushed social competition in the analysis of all material life relations，Not only regards the problem of poverty as a problem of production relations，At the same time, it also points out the ideological falseness of the bourgeoisie。Facing the phenomenon of "social murder"，The bourgeoisie knows clearly that the working class is suffering，But do not improve this situation，On the contrary, the problem of covering and modifying the problem of all -in -one distribution of living materials and production data with legal or ideological enlightenment，The result is the acceleration of capital，The phenomenon of red poverty is getting fiercely。

　　Analysis of poverty: Based on the principle of determining the consciousness of life

Engels refused to use the basic point of view of speculative philosophy as the principle and basis，But based on emotional life analysis of social reality，to form a basic view of industrial social conditions。Engels explained the role of private ownership and the competitive mechanism that runs through all living relations，The root cause of "social war"。In "British Status · 18th Century"，Engels pointed out: The development of private ownership makes people become goods，The competition system makes millions of people be "massacre"，A series of Bet365 app download human ethics issues brought by it，It must be "eliminated private ownership、The means of eliminating competition and interests "can be solved。The development of material life relations makes the way of human existence gradually transfer by the dominance of human domination to objects，The rulers of the world have become generally abstract capital and their own objects。People are reduced to capital slaves，Poverty issues will be formed with the problem of poverty。

Based on the production and living conditions of real personal personal，Engels explains the principle of internal and externalization。In the UK，Internal characteristics are mainly reflected in pure self -interest、Principles of atomic type，The form of externalization is mainly reflected in the movement of private ownership。Around these two major directions，Engels comprehensively analyzed the social existence and social consciousness of real personal。In "British Workers Class Status"，Engels stared at the production and life of the working class from two aspects of physical condition and mental condition。

From the perspective of externalization，The laws of objects replaced the laws of nature to participate in the shaping of human relations，Forms the world order and political society of private ownership。The emergence and development of private ownership is always accompanied by the hired person、Exploitation and oppression of the working class。Engels pointed out that the property or capital is under rule，So all the unjust behavior of the state and the law adds the overall pressure to the proletarian、On the poor，But the entire society adopted an attitude of watching，indirectly providing asylum means to the rich。The British at that time was just the world of the rich and the middle class，The Constitution recognizes such a social group and its own objects，and the poor and the proletariat lost their social equality and freedom under the wrapping of capital。

From the perspective of the inner principle，Engels through human ethics、Social Consciousness、Effectism and other aspects expressed Bet365 lotto review the impact of poverty issues。With the movement of private ownership and capital，"Cash payment is upgraded to the only bond of human beings"，Principles and subjectivity principles with a rational world order in human consciousness。In economic life，People, as always, advocate self -interest，Activities pursuing interests become common phenomena。Sympathy has become an important "magic weapon" for industrial operation。But，utilitarianism while improving urban efficiency，Also lowered the living standards of the most important people in the city。Unpredictable self -ism and self -evident poverty form the space image of the industrial society。

　　Solving poverty problems: Taking class struggle as a breakthrough method

Class is a product of certain social and historical development，Therefore, analysis of historical phenomena must start analysis of class conditions。In industrial society，The contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat has always appeared in the form of a "social war"，Poverty issues have always existed in this class of opposition，Concentrated manifestations of the hardships and compression of the proletariat。Engelster analyzed the various social conditions of the proletariat in "British Workers Class Status"，And pointed out: "The condition of the working class is the condition of most British people。"Engels regards the core issues of the British situation as a problem of the working class situation，Focusing on the proletariat and their poverty issues that have been examined since the industrial revolution。Poverty problem is not just a matter of living status，More darkened general class contradictions and conflicts，intuitive in the labor production and life of the working class。So，Describe the survival status of the working class，directly reflects the universal social reality problem。

Engels According to the phased characteristics and history of social development，Explain that the poverty issue specifically refers to the poverty Bet365 lotto review of the working class，Not the poor、Poverty of the workers，Only the poverty of the working class is a common problem that is related to the direction of British society。Youth Engels determined the final result brought by the 18th century British Industrial Revolution as the formation and development of the proletariat，and point out its social conditions and historical reasons。For this，Engels focuses on the residential status of the urban workers' class、Population immigration、Industry competition、Factory labor and other typical problems，Explain the origin of private ownership and the essence of class compression and exploitation in an experienced way。Due to the existence of private ownership，Capital rule and hedonal rights fall in the hands of a minority of the society，and the vast majority of the society, the proletariat can not enjoy their own labor fruits。

Engels pointed out，Only through the workers' movement and class struggle and comprehensively change social relations，It is possible to make class interests integrate。Workers' movement is not a process of natural movement，but the process of social history development。Not due to poverty，but because of the contradiction movement of production relationships, the worker movement。Engels explained through personal inspections that the proletariat survive conditions under capital，Dispost the illusion of bourgeois rule，indirectly illustrates the non -endurance of the bourgeois rule，It will eventually be overturned by the proletarian regime。Zhengzheng here，Engels advocates social revolution，From the distribution of the most fundamental social interests to explain the world's historical significance to solve the problem of poverty。Social conditions based on the proletariat，Engels further pointed out to solve the problem of poverty，In particular, the class struggle that the poor oppose the rich are not based on the political or democratic system.，but the social revolution beyond all political real objects and under the Bet365 lotto review guidance of socialist principles。At the same time，Engels pointed out: "Principles must have an impact on history，It must be transformed into interests first。"" In other words，The key to solving the problem of poverty is that the proletariat is relieved from the unrealistic universality，The winner of the universal interests of society，The owner of social power。

　(Author Unit: Philosophy of Renmin University of China)