"Vimalakīrti bet with bet365" () is one bet with bet365 early Mahayana classics introduced to China。The sutra “contemplation is magnificent and profound，The discussion is witty and humorous，The narrative is vivid and lively”，Since being introduced to China，The influence is wide and deep，Popular and everlasting。

"Shuo Wugou bet with bet365" (Kyoto University Affiliated Library Collection) Information Picture

Among the many translations of the Vimalakīrti Sutra，The Rosh bet with bet365 is the most popular。However, Xuanzang was dissatisfied with the old bet with bet365，New bet with bet365 of "Shuo Wuxu Sutra"，New bet with bet365 of his disciple Guiji Huihu，Written "Shuo Wugou Sutra"，Interpreting this sutra using the interpretation strategy of "knowledge only"，Highlight one’s own origin，Realize the integration of Madhyamaka and consciousness-only thinking，It also shows the important aspects of Buddhist exegesis of Dharma-Xiang-juyi lineage in the Sui and Tang Dynasties。

　bet with bet365 and Commentary

Previous research on Buddhist exegesis，Focus on commentaries and neglect the bet with bet365。In fact，“Exegesis” is a process activity that includes bet with bet365 and annotation，It is not "single" and only focuses on commentaries，But “plural” needs to consider the overall process of bet with bet365 and annotation。

"Gui Ji's "Shuo Wu Guo Jing Shu" provides an excellent example for understanding this issue。The "Shuo Wugou Shen Jing Shu" adopts the interpretation strategy of "knowledge only"，The realization of this strategy is achieved through two stages: Xuanzang’s bet with bet365 of the Sutra (bet with bet365) and Guiji’s annotations (interpretation)。Although Xuanzang tried to follow the original meaning in his bet with bet365，But it is not immune to the influence of consciousness-only thinking，Express a certain consciousness-only tendency in specific writing。Based on the interpretation of this bet with bet365，In the process of interpretation, his work and the tradition of commentaries on the Vimalakīrti Sutra are presented、The tension between the approach of yoga’s consciousness-only thought and the style of commentaries on Buddhist sutras in the Sui and Tang Dynasties，Further develop the connotation of knowledge only。

So, how does Xuanzang’s bet with bet365 relate to interpretation?

Translator’s knowledge background、Potential ideas and other factors，It will affect their bet with bet365 work to some extent。The translator translates the work based on his or her own understanding，In fact, it is also an interpretation and interpretation of the classics，This interpretation is fixed into words，Even the bet with bet365 itself became a classic and was regarded as a standard by later generations。For that matter，The process of bet with bet365 is the process of interpretation。In this process，Translators need to constantly match words、Making trade-offs based on word order and even differences between different cultures、Balance and Define，Integrate the translator’s perspective with the original perspective。

Take the bet with bet365 of "The Sutra Said by Vimalakīrti" as an example，Rosh through intentional changes，Add "phase" where there is no "phase"，Translate words that do not mean "phase" into phase，And embody the idea of ​​"the reality of the middle way"；Influenced by the idea of ​​"non-duality"，Retranslate the content of "sacred and secular" in the original scripture，To flaunt “no distinction between sacred and secular”。

Such phenomenon，It is also clearly reflected in Xuanzang's bet with bet365 of "Shuo Wugou Sutra"。Xuan Zang’s bet with bet365 was considered faithful to the original for a long time，It is the "literal bet with bet365" compared to Roche's "free bet with bet365"。But in the bet with bet365 of "Shuo Wugong Sutra"，But we can see that its bet with bet365 also has the characteristics of non-literal bet with bet365，Complexity and augmentation，There are some traditions and criticisms of Roche’s bet with bet365，There is also an understanding that incorporates consciousness-only thinking。

According to Qiuji records，Xuan Zang is dissatisfied with the old bet with bet365，“Jiao Zhongzong Yu Xingyue，Jing Yuan teaches on the Love Platform”，bet with bet365 of this sutra。However，Although "Tao Zhen's gains and losses，Discuss the meaning of words”，Try your best to seek truth and accuracy to “restore” the meaning of the scriptures，But the emphasis on "Zhongzong" and "Yuanjiao"，It still implies its own understanding and "invention" of the meaning of "Shuo Wugong Sutra"。The so-called "Zhongzong" and "Yuanjiao"，corresponds to Shengyi Jiankong Sect and Yingli Yuanshi Sect，The latter points to the consciousness-only principle。In the view of Qiuji，His understanding of "Shuo Wugou Sutra" is precisely based on the content emphasized in Xuanzang's new bet with bet365。

From the text translated by Xuanzang，We can bet with bet365 find direct evidence。

In terms of bet with bet365 sentence structure，For example, when discussing "banquet"，Xuan Zang will not give up the cycle of life and death and worries and enter Nirvana，Translated as "Not giving up life and death without worries，Although I have achieved nirvana, I have no place to live”。This bet with bet365 and sentence structure are obviously influenced by the idea of ​​nirvana without a place to live，The former does not correspond to life and death，The latter does not correspond to abiding in Nirvana。Qiuji further followed Xuanzang’s bet with bet365 to criticize Luo Shi’s old bet with bet365，And based on the classics such as "The Theory of Consciousness-Only"，Reluctance to give up life and death corresponds to great wisdom，Nirvana corresponds to great compassion。

On word view，For example, the bet with bet365 of the word ālaya in Xuanzang's "Shu Wushu Sutra"，The basic meaning of “home”，There are also extended meanings of "Zhizang", "Collection" and the transliteration of "Alaya"。This is consistent with the understanding of alaya consciousness in the yoga consciousness-only theory。We have reason to believe，Xuan Zang’s multiple translations of the word ālaya in "The Sutra of Immortality"，Inspired by the theory of consciousness-only theory that Alaya consciousness can be hidden、The influence of the three meanings of hiding and holding on to hiding。

It can be seen，Xuan Zang’s bet with bet365 tries its best to follow the original meaning，However, it is still affected by the ideological stance and shows a certain tendency of knowledge only in bet with bet365，Qiuji will further develop on this basis，Explain the meaning of scripture。This also reminds us，In the study of Buddhist exegesis，The dimension of Bible bet with bet365 should not be ignored，The bet with bet365 and commentaries should be considered as a whole。

　　Form and bet with bet365

If we say that the two stages of bet with bet365 and annotation focus on the discussion of the relationship between "jing-shu"，Then the two aspects of form and meaning are focused on the internal research of commentaries。Generally speaking，Form and meaning are the main contents of Buddhist exegesis study，The former corresponds to the exegesis style of the commentaries，The latter belongs to the category of ideological research in the traditional sense。

"Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu" by Gui Ji is no exception。“Only Knowledge Tong Jing” serves as a basis for the annotation in “Shuo Wugou Shen Jing Shu”, which is fully reflected in the form and meaning bet with bet365 Shu.。Although form and meaning are divided into two levels in the writing and investigation，But the two are closely related: the use of form reflects the idea of ​​meaning，The expression bet with bet365 idea of ​​meaning is through the use of form。

In terms of form，The first thing that should be paid attention to is the style of "Shuo Wugu Sheng Jing Shu"。"Shuo Wugong Praise bet with bet365" is also called "Shuo Wugong Praise bet with bet365 Praise"。As a stylistic "like"，In the past, the path of evolution was often found in the source of praise-style literature，But the "praise" here is not so much praise of literature，Rather, it is a kind of interpretive style with sparse meaning。There are many definitions of "yishu" in academia，The origins are also different。Judging from its evolution，Yishu initially refers to the meaning of Shutiao Jing。On the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties periods、Definition、Remember、Summary、Omitted、Brief introduction、Various literary styles such as summary，Sparse definitions，Explain the meaning，All can be called "Yishu"，Fan Bocheng defines it as "outline type of meaning"。There is another type of compound type of essay that is similar to chapters and sentences，And the "praise" style of "Shuo Wugou Cheng Jing Shu" belongs to this。This type of writing style is usually represented by "shu", "praise", "shu praise", "righteous praise", "note praise", "explanation praise", etc.。From outside literature，You Fanwang's "Praise to Taixuan"、Zhou Hongzheng's "Laozi Praise"、Wei Zhao's "Explanation and Praise for the Classic of Filial Piety" and other works，Kong Yingda and others' "Five Classics Yishu" is also called "Five Classics Yishu"；From the teaching literature，Huijing during the Sui and Tang Dynasties、Peeping Base、Jingxing、Yiji、Tan Kuang and others have written works such as "Shu Zan", "Yi Shu", "Shu Ji" and "Zhi Zan"。In terms of style, these works should first explain the biblical topics，Brief introduction and conclusion，The following verses are explained，Each sentence is explained by "praise" and "statement" respectively。

Next, let’s look at the specific exegetical structure of “Shuo Wugu Sheng Jing Shu”。In Shuzhong, first "discuss" and then "explain the meaning bet with bet365 text"， The forms of these two are equivalent to "Xuanyi/Xuanshu" and "Wenju/Wenshu"。There are three "Xuan Tan": one is the summary and praise of "Shuo Wugong Sutra"，Equivalent to the previous "preface"；The second is the explanation of "It is said that the Sutra without dirt is the first in the preface"；The third is to use the "six door distinctions" (the causes of sutras、Jingzhizongxu、Mingjing physical nature、Different narratives、Interpretation bet with bet365 entire Sutra in the form of subject matter and explanatory meaning)。Among them，"Explanation bet with bet365 meaning" can be listed separately from "Xuantan"，The formation of a formal pattern of "metaphysical talk" first and then "explanation bet with bet365 meaning"。The "six door distinctions" are the main expression bet with bet365 exegesis form of Kui Ji in "Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu"，The structures of most bet with bet365 exegetical works bet with bet365 "Shu" and "Zan" categories are similar to this。Compared with Zhiyi’s “Five Mysteries”，The cause bet with bet365 sutra corresponds to "discussing its application"，The ancestral line bet with bet365 scriptures corresponds to “discriminating teachings”，The nature bet with bet365 sutra corresponds to "distinguishing the body"。The "Explanation of Names" part of "Five Layers of Mysterious Meanings" is similar to the second part of "Xuan Tan"，The "Mingzong" part is not stated explicitly in Guiji's annotations，But the discussion bet with bet365 nature bet with bet365 Sutra also implies the shadow of "Ming Zong"。If we say that "Five Mysterious Meanings" is the main exegesis style of Zhiyi and even Tiantai series，Then the "Six Doors of Distinction" and other structures are also valuable experiences from the "Sparse" and "Praise" exegetical works。

Although the above is a formal discussion，But it also shows the side of "righteousness"。The content and principles bet with bet365 causes of sutras，The source bet with bet365 thought of judging religion、Logic and its place in Guiji’s thought，The connotation of Jingti Jingzong，There is also a glimpse of Ji’s understanding bet with bet365 composition of "Shuo Wugong Sutra", etc.。Visible，Form and meaning complement each other，Together highlight the characteristics of Knowledge-only and Tongjing。In addition，Promote knowledge-only in judging religion，Zhang Yang Zizong；Explanation of context、row、Guo’s division of various works in the entire scripture，Use five more things you learned、Show hidden、Past and Present、Interpretation、Collection of concepts such as two benefits and fruits，It also shows the inheritance and development bet with bet365 classic thought of Yoga Consciousness Only。

In terms of meaning，The most prominent thing in "Shuo Wusheng Sutra" is the negotiation between Madhyamaka and consciousness only。Qiuji thinks，Xuan Zang’s new bet with bet365 highlights “Zhongzong” and “Yuanjiao”，When he judged the teachings, he also classified the sutra into the Shengyi Jiankong Sect and the Yingli Yuanshi Sect。Therefore，Qiu Ji widely applies the theory of space in Shu、The scriptures should be interpreted from two levels: theory and meaning，This has also become a very unique form of interpretation in "Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu"。Take “banquet sitting” as an example，Consciousness through yoga、智、Explain the meaning of the scriptures with thoughts such as levels of cultivation，The theory of emptiness focuses on interpreting it from the perspective of emptiness，Yingliyi focuses on consciousness-only righteousness。

The negotiation between Madhyamaka and consciousness-only is also reflected in specific ideological issues。Like the Pure Land View，Qiuji continued the viewpoint of "Mahayana Dharma Garden Yilin Chapter" in his commentaries，Connect the Buddha body with the Buddha land，Elucidating Pure Land Cause and Effect with Consciousness-Only Thought，Constructed the mechanism of “internal factors-external factors”，It is believed that the Bodhisattva’s intention to strictly purify the Buddhaland is the internal cause，Ability to sense sentient beings’ rebirth bet with bet365 Buddha Land，Form the ideological chain of cultivating wisdom (causes and actions) → pure consciousness (internal) → pure land (purity of external sentient beings and the earth bet with bet365 world)。

　　Sects bet with bet365

When Ji Ji wrote "Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu", he had to consider two factors: one，Facing one’s own academic background and identity，How to show one’s own origin when writing exegesis of scripture，Highlight the Dharma and Consciousness Only；Both，Facing Luo Shi’s old bet with bet365 and the large number of annotations surrounding Luo Shi’s old bet with bet365，How to deal with the relationship between your own interpretation of the Bible and the old commentary tradition。

First let’s look at the relationship between bet with bet365 and sects.

Commentaries are produced around classics，The commentaries surrounding different translations present different characteristics and traditions，Even naturally separate ideological factions。Comments on the "Vimalakīrti Sutra" I've seen so far，Most of them are based on the Roche bet with bet365，The commentaries on Xuanzang's "Shuo Wugong Sutra"，Concentrate on disciple Gui Ji、Written by Xuan Fan, Yi Zhong and others。Qiuji's "Shuo Wugou's Sutra" is the only remaining commentary on "Shuo Wugou's Sutra"。

It’s worth noting，Even when Xuanzang was alive, he was "not allowed to speak about the old scriptures"，But disciple Qiuji also wrote "Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu" on the basis of "telling the old scriptures"。The temples at that time still mainly used the old bet with bet365 of Luo Shi，No matter in secular communication，It is based on the commentaries of monks in the sect，The old translations of Luo Shi have actually become extremely authoritative and sacred classics。Xuan Zang is dissatisfied with the old bet with bet365，Qiuji as a disciple of Xuanzang，When I wrote the essay, I not only described the differences between the two translations，And out of the standpoint of protecting Xuanzang’s new bet with bet365 or the knowledge-based yoga he learned，from text、Three aspects of translators and tradition，Fierce criticism of Luo Shi’s old bet with bet365 of "The Sutra Said by Vimalakīrti"。Take criticism of translators as an example，Qiuji even pointed out that Luo Shi deliberately changed the scriptures in the bet with bet365 because he broke the precepts and deficiencies，To deconstruct the sanctity and authority of Roche’s old bet with bet365。Many of Qiuji’s criticisms now seem inappropriate or even wrong，But this behavior undoubtedly shows Guiji’s obvious self-religious consciousness。

In addition to criticism of the old bet with bet365，The manifestation of Qiuji’s self-consciousness is also reflected in the reference to the consciousness-only classics。There are a large number of quotations in "Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu"，Mainly includes citations from his own works、References to previous consciousness-only classics，And Guiji’s chemical references to the classics when annotating certain words。His citations from his own work，Mainly used for conceptual nouns、Explanation of knowledge background and moral thoughts。His citations from other works，In terms of content，Mainly an important classic of the yoga consciousness-only system，Mostly "Yoghishastra" and "Kosashastra"；As far as the translator is concerned，Mainly the classics translated by Xuanzang，Reflecting his academic background and lineage of teachers；In terms of style，The ratio of treatises exceeds scriptures，Still the characteristic of the consciousness-only line of yoga。

Next, let’s look at the relationship between bet with bet365 and tradition.

Qiuji thinks，Commentaries surrounding Luo Shi's old bet with bet365 of "The Sutra Said by Vimalakīrti"，There is an exegetical tradition centered on its subtitle "Inconceivable Deliverance"。In fact，Commentaries surrounding Luo Shi’s bet with bet365 of the Vimalakīrti Sutra，From Guanzhong Jiushu，To Jingying Temple Huiyuan、Tiantai Zhiyi、Jiaxiang Jizang, etc.，It is true that they are all based on the subtitle "Inconceivable Liberation" of the "Vimalakīrti Sutra"、The interpretation of the classics，And through the enlightenment of incredible liberation，To present the thoughts and connotations in the sutra。Qiuji insists on the theory of "eight liberations"，Trying to dissolve this tradition，However, due to the content of the scriptures, we cannot avoid elaborating on "inconceivable" and "freedom" in the manuscript，And use this to summarize the scriptures。Therefore，Qiuji tried to deconstruct the traditional interpretive approach of "incredible relief" in the old translations and commentaries，But its deconstruction is not complete，To a certain extent, the original interpretation tradition has been retained or continued。This reflects the tension between deconstruction and continuation，Also explains the relationship between Jing and Shu。

In short，Qiu Ji's "Shuo Wugou Sheng Jing Shu" through bet with bet365 and commentaries、Form and meaning、The exegetical strategy of knowledge-only scriptures manifested by sects and traditions，Provides a feasible research path for the study of Buddhist exegesis。Adhere to the principle of "returning to commentaries"，Looking after the systematic process of Buddhist exegesis，Summary of experience in Buddhist interpretation，It is of great significance in constructing contemporary interpretations of Buddhist classics。

　 (This article is part of a major project bet with bet365 National Social Science Fund "Research on the Cataloging and Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Buddhist Exegetical Documents" (22&ZD256) phased results)

(The author is the director bet with bet365 Institute of Ancient Books of Fujian Normal University、Associate Professor bet with bet365 School of Liberal Arts)