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Wittgenstein’s life experience is highly consistent with bet with bet365 ideological characteristics。Therefore,Enter Wittgenstein’s life world,Not just to peek into bet with bet365 interesting life to satisfy our curiosity,Also following bet with bet365 thought process,The necessary way to reveal the "extraordinary" aspects of bet with bet365 thoughts。
April 26, 2019 is the 130th anniversary of the birth of the famous contemporary philosopher Wittgenstein。Wittgenstein is recognized as one of the most important Western philosophers of the 20th century,bet with bet365 thoughts have had a profound impact on the development of contemporary philosophy。The introduction and research of Wittgenstein’s thoughts in my country’s academic circles is increasing。My "Biography of Wittgenstein" was revised and published in December 2018,This is the only original biography of Wittgenstein in China so far。In January 2019, the 8-volume "Collected Works of Wittgenstein" edited by Han Linhe was officially published。This marks that domestic Wittgenstein research has entered a new historical stage。In commemoration of Wittgenstein’s birthday,I would like to reiterate a point I expressed in the introduction to the new edition of "The Life of Wittgenstein": Wittgenstein's thought has extraordinary features that are still important today。
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This unusualness is first reflected in the inseparable relationship between Wittgenstein’s way of thinking and bet with bet365 personal life。bet with bet365 early work "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" was completed in the trenches of World War I。At the end of the war,It was the day when bet with bet365 thoughts were finalized。The war not only gave him the courage to overcome loneliness and pain,It also gave him the opportunity to appreciate the meaning of life。“The meaning of the world must be outside the world。Everything in the world is as it is,Everything happened as it happened;There is no value in the world - if there is value in the world,Then this value will not have any value”;“The mysterious thing is not how the world is,But the world exists”;“There are indeed things that cannot be said,They reveal themselves,They say mysterious things”;“Everything that cannot be said,Must be silent"。All these propositions,Only those who have experienced the ultimate challenge in life,Only in order to understand their true meaning。So,Wittgenstein wrote in the preface of the book: "This book may only be understood by those who have themselves thought about the ideas expressed here, or similar ideas...if it can be understood by a person who understands Its people are happy,The purpose of this book has been achieved”。
Not only that,The transformation of Wittgenstein’s thought from early to later years,A purported source of many dramatic scenes,Including teaching in primary schools in southern Austria,An academic lecture he attended,A piece of news he read,Or a football game he watched live,etc.。But whatever it is,These all show that bet with bet365 ideological changes were inspired by bet with bet365 personal life experiences,Rather than the logical evolution of bet with bet365 thoughts。To put it another way,To truly understand Wittgenstein’s thoughts and changes,You must understand bet with bet365 life,Including bet with bet365 personality traits and the way he deals with others,bet with bet365 lifestyle and world。
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The high degree of agreement between Wittgenstein’s thought and bet with bet365 life experience,Just shows bet with bet365 principles of life,The unity of words and deeds。Words and deeds are one here,Not only refers to the close connection between bet with bet365 written thoughts and bet with bet365 life trajectory,It also means that bet with bet365 thoughts are reflections and expressions of bet with bet365 life experiences。Wittgenstein’s thoughts come entirely from bet with bet365 life insights,or,bet with bet365 logic is completely consistent with bet with bet365 ethics。This way,We can understand why Wittgenstein said that "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" is not a work of logic or philosophy,It is a work of ethics。For this book,What’s important is not what the book says,But something not mentioned in the book。Following Wittgenstein’s ideas,Everything that can be said can be said clearly,And they are all unimportant;Whatever cannot be said is more important。Because I can’t say it,So it cannot be expressed,Therefore, it is impossible to think。For Wittgenstein,Things that cannot be expressed,Things that cannot be thought of,But they can be revealed through display,And make them even more important,Because they are what is implicit in what can be said。This is what is extraordinary about Wittgenstein: he does not live up to bet with bet365 words,But practice what you say,Go first、Words are fruit。
In fact,The unspeakable things put forward by Wittgenstein in bet with bet365 early thoughts,It is exactly what he proposed in the language game in bet with bet365 later thoughts to show。If you can understand the changing process of Wittgenstein’s thoughts,In this way we can understand the internal consistency of bet with bet365 thoughts。This consistency is expressed as,He uses bet with bet365 own description of language games to show what he thinks cannot be expressed in words。And the description of language games,In fact, it is a language activity,It is also the process of displaying language games。In this process,We can see how the rules of the game are followed,You can also see how language activities are carried out。Wittgenstein uses the description of language games,Reveals to us the life form behind language activities。Actually,This is not a hiding,It’s just showing things we are blind to。This is what is extraordinary about Wittgenstein。
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The method of display mentioned by Wittgenstein is also extraordinary,This is the keen sense of perspective and the overall sense of grasping things。The so-called "perspective sense",Refers to the phenomenon that can be seen through our blindness,See the patterns of things presented in phenomena,See the most important aspects of something that inspire our attention。For example,He made it clear,All logical propositions in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus are tautologies,This means,Everything he says is true in its form,Irrelevant to the fact described by the proposition。Opposite,The fact described by the proposition is understood due to the existence of the proposition。This way,He said everything that could be said plainly,Therefore,The ideas of Tractatus Logic and Philosophy are transparent。Same,bet with bet365 description of language games does not just provide us with various language activities,But use language games to show those things in language games,These things themselves cannot be said,It can only be shown through language games。Actually,These things are what Wittgenstein calls "forms of life"。Indeed,When we talk about forms of life,We can only be outside them,But since we cannot transcend the form of life,Therefore it is impossible to talk about them。We can only use language games to show their existence,Just like we can only use the existence of breathing and life to show the existence of air。This seemingly paradoxical phenomenon just illustrates the importance of language games as a life practice: language games are part of our lives,As we walk、Eating、Activities like sleeping。Wittgenstein saw,The flaw of many theories is that they forget that action is the starting point of all thoughts,All human activities are manifestations of theoretical explanations,instead of the other way around。This understanding of the relationship between action and theory,It can be said to be a thorough expression of the true purpose of philosophy,That is, philosophy is nothing but an activity to clarify the meaning of propositions,Philosophy does not provide any explanation,Nor provide any theory,Philosophy is to put everything in plain sight。
What is unusual about Wittgenstein’s thought is also bet with bet365 view on “overview”。The so-called “survey”,übersehen),It’s about seeing the interconnections between things,That is, we must look at the problem holistically,See the forest not just the trees。He wrote in "Philosophical Investigations": "One of the main sources of our incomprehension of certain things is that we cannot take a comprehensive look at the use of words。—Our grammar lacks this overview。The comprehensive expression method mediates understanding,And understanding lies precisely in this: we ‘see the connection’。Thus,Inventing or discovering the intermediate link is extremely important。The concept of comprehensive performance is of fundamental significance to us。It marks our expression,Marks the way we see things。(Is this a ‘world view’?)”actually,The "comprehensive view" here means "clear at a glance"。He said this in a lecture at Cambridge: "One of the difficulties of philosophy is that we lack a synoptic view。A village,We don’t have a map,Or just a map of some isolated parts,About the terrain of this village,We will encounter that kind of difficulty。The village we are talking about now is language,Terrain is its grammar。We can walk around the village,But when forced to give a map,We will get it wrong。” Wittgenstein regards our understanding of things as a process similar to a bird’s-eye view: only by grasping the connection between things as a whole,Only then can we say we have a true understanding of things。To this,I prefer to use the concept of "topology" to illustrate Wittgenstein's way of looking at things。The "topology" here is a concept similar to topography,It is to put various things into a network structure,Understand the position and nature of each thing in the network through the description of various relationships。This is a typical holism point of view。But it is such a sense of wholeness,Wittgenstein can give a unique way of understanding anything。
Generally believed ,To understand a philosopher,Just by reading the text,Just grasp its ideological logic,bet with bet365 life story is irrelevant。However,Wittgenstein is an exception,bet with bet365 life experience is highly consistent with bet with bet365 ideological characteristics。Therefore,Enter Wittgenstein’s life world,Not just to peek into bet with bet365 interesting life to satisfy our curiosity,Also following bet with bet365 thought process,The necessary way to reveal the "extraordinary" aspects of bet with bet365 thoughts。
(Author’s unit: School of bet with bet365 and Sociology, Shanxi University)
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