"Violence" problem occupies a very important position in Sartre the philosophy theory，It has always been one of the key topics of its research。In "Republic's crisis: On violence"，Hannah Arent criticized Sartre's theory of violence，and advocate a ghost -like violence view。opposite to it，Sartre Digesty，Violence as an ambiguous concept，Not a means to achieve the purpose，Instead, the intentional choice of the purpose with any means，That is a specific way of using a means。

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In "Republic's crisis: On violence"，Hannah Arrren advocates a tool of violent violence，That is, violence is essentially a tool。At the same time，She regards Sartre as a violent advocate。In the preface of Fa Nong's "People in the World"，Sat claims，"Fa Nantong fully pointed out that this unwavering violence is not a ridiculous storm，It is not a barbaric gifted ash，It is not even a result of resentment: This is the re -composition of the person itself "，"The weapon of the warrior is his humanitarian。Because，Rebellion at the beginning，Must be killed: kill a European，This is a one -f one，that is, at the same time to remove a oppressor and an oppressed person: the remaining dead person and a free man;。At this moment ... the country and his freedom are mixed together "。These remarks have been strongly denied by Arrente，It is also called a beautification or praise for violence。From Aren's view，The foundation and nature of violence need to be clarified in distinguishing violence and power，Can't regard Bet365 app download violence as the most obvious manifestation of power，Then the violence and power are regarded as one thing。On the contrary，A clear difference between the two，"The most obvious difference between power and violence is，Power always needs the number of people，and the violence can be performed to some extent or even the number of people without the number of people，Because it depends on tools ... The extreme form of power is that everyone opposes one person，The extreme form of violence is one person opposed everyone。No tools，The latter is impossible at all "。

As far as power is concerned，"Power corresponds to the ability of humans not only but also acts in unison。Power is by no means an individual; it belongs to a certain group，and only the group gathers together，It still exists "。When we say that someone has "power"，In fact, he is authorized by a certain number of people to act in their name，When the group where power originated, the group disappeared，"His power" also disappeared with it。As for violence，Due to its instrumentality, it is different，"From the perspective of phenomenology，It is close to strength (stream)，Because it is the same as all other tools，Violent tools are also designed to increase natural strength，until the final stage of development，These tools can replace natural strength "。Based on this，Arrot further pointed out，Power rather than violence is the essence of all governments，Power and violence are opposite; one party occupies an absolute dominant position，The other party will be absent。Where there is a crisis in power，Violence will appear，If it is developed，Power will disappear。And violence can always destroy Bet365 app download power，It cannot generate power at all。More importantly，Violence as a tool or means，Need to be proved by the purpose，"Violence is essentially instrumental; like all means，It always needs the guidance and proof of the goals it is pursuing "。Power belongs to absolute object，Is "Purpose itself"，"The power structure itself is better than all other goals and more lasting than them，So，Power is far from achieving the purpose，In fact, a group of people can think and act according to the means -the destination category "。At the same time，Power does not need to be properned，It is the inherent in the existence of the political community，What it really needs is legitimacy，"Once people gather together and act together，Power appears，But its legitimacy comes from the initial gathering，instead of any action after that。When the legitimacy is challenged, you can lay the foundation for yourself by appealing to the past，and legitimateization is related to the future purpose "。And violence can get legitimately，But it will never be legal。When the purpose it wants to fall farther in the future，The more legitimacy of it will lose reason。So，Violence is essentially instrumental，Only when it can achieve a certain purpose，and this purpose must be proved for it，It is reasonable。

But，Through detailed analysis of Sat's violence theory，We found，His actually advocates a non -industrial view of violence，Especially "Sartre discussion in his" Ethics Note "constitutes an attempt to transcend the outlook of instrumental violence"。

　　Response: Violence is a specific way of use

In "Ethics Note"，Sartre clearly pointed out，Violence originally came from the category of force，"Actions according to the nature bet365 live casino games of things，Force brought positive impact "。But，Violence is characterized by a negative aspect。For example，I put the sword in the scabbard，The sword just slipped in，I showed a force，This operation conforms to the nature of the sword and the scabbard。In this case，No violence。In violence，"I inserted the tip of the sword into the scabbard，And I still use my power to insert it in。Destruction here will be destroyed here。Sword will blunt，There are scratches on the scabies of the scabbard "。So，Violence exists in a certain state of a state of the world。In other words，When our behavior is in line with a certain rule, it is powerful; and there will be violence when our behavior is outside or does not comply with a certain rule。So，"Violence occurs in a place where there is insufficient power; that is,，It was originally caused by the failure of the use force "。We generally assume，The behavior completed in accordance with the rules is theoretically better than the behavior completed by violation of the law，But we seem to prefer illegal things。That is to say，We can take destruction as a means to achieve the purpose，In this case，I affirmed the unnecessary things that are related to me and my goals。But，What needs to be noted is，We cannot regard the "nature or law of things" as a natural law or internal rule，Instead, it regards it as a "normal use rule or specification" established by a specific society or human group。As Sat said，"Only when the form that opposes you is destroyed，That is to say，When the normal use rules are established by will，There will be violence "。

Further,，Violence as destroying and negating means a kind of nihilism。Because all the violence Bet365 app download disappears, it starts from the place where the power disappears，It means that the accidental or opportunity (CHANCE)，Some kind of rule that is regarded as unknown，Have a certain confidence。For example，If I hammer hard on the nail，There is no violence; but when I no longer control my posture，Instead of relying on statistics: Twenty hits of the hammer will accidentally hit the nail。At this time，I don’t rely on what I know，but relying on unknown things，Among them, there is a hope in violence and the certainty in a legal action。It can be said here，Violent behavior means violations or destruction of some normal means of use or laws，to achieve a certain purpose，Although this purpose may not be successfully achieved。In other words，As Ciprian Jerr said，"For Sat，The characteristics of violent behavior may not be using specific means (for example，Harm is harmful to others)，Instead of a specific way to use the means，That is the means of ‘forced’ or ‘deformation’ ”。So，Sat emphasized，Violence is not a means to achieve the purpose，Instead, the intentional choice of the purpose with any means。

Sat pointed out，Violence's motto is "the legitimacy of the purpose of the purpose"，It means that all means helping to achieve the goal is justified。But，This motto is very ambiguous。Its meaning depends on the indifferent external nature，Still the organic unity of the means。In the former，The violence at this time is reasonable，Because it is no longer a real violence; but in the latter，Violence is a change in the entire series of means，Therefore, it is also a change of purpose。The purpose of the intention changes with the means of means，So the violence hangs without decision。bet365 Play online games So，"Not the purpose of the purpose of the purpose is reasonable，Instead, it is given a absolute value to prove that the purpose is reasonable。In this case，The purpose of violence is to bring violent world "。That is to say，In the world of violence，There is a reversal relationship between the purpose and the means，Violence proof is properly。For example，ORGY (ORGY) originated from the ancient Greeks、A ritual of the Romans worshiping the wine god，Its core content includes carnival dance、Singing and drinking，and the livestock who scratched the sacrifice in the excitement。Sarter thinks，Where the carnival，The target is violence。Therefore，Violence is an activity in the world，It is a kind of destruction of the world by destroying the world。That is to say，When this kind of nothingness is brought by me，Objects are sliding from existence to nihillery, and it belongs to me from time to time; I cannot build its existence through my freedom，I use my freedom to build it in its nothingness。Further,，"I symbolically destroyed my facts in the way of the world。I want to be a pure non -existence。But becoming pure non -existence，Not not becoming。It is a pure nihilistic power，Pure freedom。Violence is affirmation of freedom unconditional "。Last，Sat pointed out，Violence is a ambiguous concept，"We can define it like this: use the facts of others and objective things from the outside to determine subjective things，to make itself (this subjective thing) a unnecessary means to achieve objective things "。

In short，Explore violence issues with Arrrent from the social and political field，and regard violence as a tool，Sartre is mainly bet365 Play online games explained from the perspective of phenomenology and ethics，Then the violence is defined as a specific way of using means or intentional choice for any means to achieve some purpose。So，Sartre description of the issue of violence shows us an attempt to transcend the concept of violence of the instrument。

　(This article is the results of the Renmin University of China in 2019.

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)