American ethicist Mai Jinsier in "Relying on rational animals: Why humans need virtue" to see human animality and dependence and vulnerability that follows，Proposal rational animals that are dependent on human beings can gain morality in the relationship between giving and accepting、Practical morality，Finally realize the common interests of the group。

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Maikinsier's excavation of the perspective of "dependence" is not original。As early as 1902，Kru Bubble Special Gold explained the important role of "mutual assistance" in human social practice in "Mutual Aid Theory"，Methods of the evolution of Darwinism，"Human mutual assistance" as another evolutionary factor。He emphasized that humans do not need to use authority and laws，Only with mutual assistance can establish a harmonious social life，Then defend myself without the government。The theory of dependence of Maikinsur also emphasizes mutual assistance between members of social members，But he also asked to recognize authority，and advocate that gradually grow into an independent practical reasoner in specific practical activities。

Maikinsier tried to start from the perspective of "dependence" to deal with the dilemma of modern Western ethics，The latter is concentrated in the non -publicity of ethical discourse、Abstract human nature presets and dilemma seeking universal rationality。On the one hand，Different ethical genres and claims have their own theoretical prerequisites，Different theoretical premise between ethical theory，Moral Inquiry Method lacks openness，The lack of common discourse has caused modern Western ethics into an unable to controversy。On the bet365 Play online games other hand，Ethical specifications are gradually formed by humans in different cultural traditions，The construction of ethics cannot be separated from the human nature in specific social practice。Modern Western ethics scientists out of reason for rationality，Setting an abstract human view that meets rational requirements。The setting of this abstract human concept lacks attention to the overall attention of moral actors，Ignoring the psychological factor of the personal personal personal personal、Physiological factors、Elements of identity and preferences，excluded the diversity of human moral life。Final，Ethical words of ethical words brought by non -publicity，Formality crisis brought by abstract human nature preset，Together with the predicament of modern western ethics seeking universal rationality。It is manifested as ethical scholars seeking the failure of the general theoretical foundation in systematic construction，It is also reflected in the difficulties of seeking universal recognition between the theory of ethics。

Starting from the period of "A Brief History of Ethics"，Maikinsier discussed ethical and moral issues from a historical perspective，Understand the dilemma faced by modern western ethics as the result of the tradition of the tradition of virtue of Aristotle，The rationality of ethics is the rationality of the historical generated in historical and cultural traditions。In terms of research methods，He agrees with the openness of Thomasist moral exploration view，On the basis of the controversy of all parties，Learning from different ethical traditions，Try to solve these disputes and develop itself。But，In the book "Relying on Raw Animals: Why Humans Need Morality"，Maikinsier changed the research perspective。He admits that if you do not understand the original animal nature of human bet365 best casino games beings，It will ignore the important features in the development of human life，It is difficult to deeply recognize the important role played by virtue in human social life。On the basis of admitting human animal nature，Macin Taier noticed that the "human vulnerability and incompetence" in the history of Western ethical thoughts，If humans are vulnerable to disease、Disaster damage; in the general process of life, you must experience the fragility and incompetence of childhood and old age。Human fragility and incompetence are not only reflected in the lack of survivability，It is also reflected in the lack of practical wisdom as a moral actor in specific practical affairs -it is difficult for individuals in reality to make appropriate choices in every specific practical affairs。

　　"dependence" is the foundation of virtue

Human dependence is undeniable experience and facts。Human beings can only pass the division of labor and cooperation between the members of the group，Only to achieve individual happiness and public welfare of the group。Morality Ethics often contains a tendency of purpose，Requires to further explain how human dependence can promote the implementation of "good", "happiness" and "public welfare"。For this，Maikinsier gives answers from the two aspects of "dependent rational animal unique" and "the relationship between giving and accepting"。

"Good", "Happiness" and "Charity" are the ultimate purpose of human practice activities。To achieve this purpose，Need to know "How can an independent practical reasoning person excellence，That is, what is the morality of independent practical reasoning "。Mai Jinsier thinks，Independent practitioners' morality and recognition of dependence virtue belong to the "dependent rational animal unique virtue"，and admitting dependence is the key to independence。Independent virtue is our ability bet365 live casino games as an independent practical reasoner，This ability includes "evaluation、Amend or deny the practical judgment you made "，It requires us to objectively evaluate our own action reasons，Reasonable speculation on the future，Make a rational choice in practical affairs。Acknowledging dependencies is to recognize the vulnerability and incompetence caused by humanity due to their own animal nature，It also means recognition of authority or excellence (that is, virtue)。From this，Human beings can recognize morality in specific practical activities、Get virtue and practice morality，Become an independent practical reasoner，Then the purpose of "good", "happiness" and "public welfare"。

To understand how virtue play a role in practical activities，Mai Jinsier proposed the "Giving and Accepting Relationships" for practical virtue。Because of human dependence，If the individual pursues the common interests of everyone in social relations at different times，It is difficult to achieve the good of individuals。Public welfare becomes a consensus between practitioners。Morality that recognizes dependence requires humans to participate in this social relationship network given and acceptable，Although the process of giving and acceptance is often not proportioned。The dependence of human beings will give birth to the needs of participating in the above relationship，This need also provides moral reasons for the pursuit of public welfare for group members。Mai Jinsier proposed that "generosity of justice" virtue is necessary to maintain "giving and accept relationships"。"generosity of justice" requires acting from care and care for others，It includes both human emotions、Desire and motivation，It also contains human rational thinking。The basic sign of "generosity of justice" is from the needs of human beings，No need to make further moral commitments，Then the range of the bet365 best casino games community becomes open。In the practice of generousness of "justice"，Not only the recognition of human dependence，I have improved the social relationship that gives and accepts，Then it can realize the ultimate pursuit of Macherta Ethics' sexual ethics。

　　"Dependent" perspective pays attention to individual integrity and differences

Human dependence and vulnerability attracts the attention of modern Western moral ethics，Also obtains a real response in the field of application ethics。For example，The European life ethics community has already regarded "vulnerability" as one of the four basic ethical principles of life ethics，and produced rich research results。Challenges that cannot be avoided as humans in practical life，Human dependence and vulnerability can become a prerequisite for moral actors in different cultural traditions and social relations，The basis of communication and dialogue between different ethical claims。This is unable to avoid publicity between ethical genres，Mud that preventing it into relativism is undoubtedly inspiring。

Proposal of the perspective of "dependence"，Both Maikinsle's response and difficulties in the theory of modern Western ethics，It is also his correction of his own research method。Macinol once used a historic perspective to expand the exploration of ethics。But in a certain sense，This historic perspective not only does not solve the dilemma of modern Western ethics，Instead, it exacerbates the tendency of relativism。Because each explanation is developed from its inquiry inside，It also proves itself by resorting to the reasonable standards from this special tradition.。After turning to the "dependence" perspective，Maikin Taier focuses on the needs of individuals in reality and morality needed for this，and social relationships that exist to maintain this virtue。Individual perspective requires us to fully grasp bet365 Play online games the moral psychology and motivation of moral actors，It is inseparable from the grasp of the nature of moral actors，and understanding the cultural background and social relationship it is。Modern Western ethics scientists tend to regard moral actors as rationality when constructing theory、Self -sufficient、Independent image，Alleged physiology between individuals in reality、Differences in Psychological and Survival。The ethical theory constructed therefore reached the logic self -consistent internal logic，But I don’t get the identity of the individual in reality，Therefore, it has lost the function of ethics -oriented problems。Of course，Abstract perspective、The relationship between the perspective of historicism and individual perspective is actually dialectical and unified。In the process of moral exploration and ethical system construction, we must comprehensively use the above three perspectives，For comprehensive、Reflecting problems in the field of ethics，Seeking a reasonable method of response。

Proposal of the perspective of "dependence"，Reflecting the research tendency of Maikin Taier's turn to individual perspective，Requires us to focus on the moral psychology of the individual of moral actors in ethical research、Moral motivation and other questions，I think "virtue" builds a good life to provide a path。Although it can’t be said that Maikinsur's "dependence" of people's "dependence"，Finally solved the fundamental problem of moral theory，and give a reliable answer to the existing moral question，But this theory has indeed introduced us to the quagmire of moral relativism。and，The new thinking perspective of human animality and dependence of a person，Forcing us to face ourselves more seriously，Open a wider perspective for moral research。

　(This article is the Scientific Research Fund of the Renmin University of China (Special Funding of Special Fund Fund Fund Fund Fund) Project (20xnh144) of the Central University)

(Author Unit: Philosophy of Renmin University of China)