Semantic Normative (Semantic Normative) issues since the 20th century "linguistic turning"，Gradually becoming a core topic in the philosophy。British and American analysis philosophers try to achieve language、Thought and real unity，Therefore, the semantic specifications and language、Mind、Real conceptual association to interpret and discuss。Traditional philosophy regards language as a means of communication，Emphasize its instrumental characteristics，If Locke thinks that language is "the common of tools and society"。The powerful expression and creative ability of the language make human communication more flexible，Language not only helps us get、Storage and transmission information，It can also allow us to engage in complex cognition and social activities，Ru reason、Review、Research and defense，This enables people to accept ideas and abstract concepts，and identify the reasoning relationship between them。but，To achieve different communication purposes，People must respond to semantic specifications。Semantic specifications not only stipulate the correct way to use language，And in the concept of semantics to become a concept of concept, it plays a causal effect，and give the subject for reasons for acting in a specific way。It can be said，The principles of regulatory responsibility in social interaction based on social interaction are finally achieved through semantic specifications。

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Semantic specifications are important issues that Wittgenstein followed in the later period of thought。In his opinion，The meaning of a word bet365 live casino games and statement does not depend on how it is actually understood，It depends on how to be understood in a language community。He advocates "in many cases (although not all situations)，The word "meaning" can be explained like this: the meaning of a word is its usage in language "。The cause and effect of the word -related semantic semantics is not the cause and effect of the word，Not the intention of the speaker，but the correct usage of words。So，The meaning of the word depends on the general rules，These rules provide standards for the correct use of words。or，The rules of this language game specify the usage of words and sentences，thus stipulating the meaning of words and statements。

In order to show the thoughts composed of significance in use，Wittgenstein pointed out in "Philosophy Research"，Any behavior or ideological content cannot be a unified interpretation of any rules; a person who follows the rules depends on his explanation of the rules;。Kripke believes，Wittgenstein actually designed a "skeptical paradox About Meaning": "No facts can determine the speaker S (Speaker) when using Word E (Expression) The rule is R (Rule)，What is the meaning of E。Because s the fact that S used E before time T (Time) is not only compatible with R，Also compatible with an optional R '，This requires R to T to make S the same action before T，But take different action after T。"According to his interpretation，Because there is no "fact" in individuals, we can ensure that we use a certain word to mean a certain thing，This makes us unable to use words to concluded anything。

　　Specifications of significance Limited expressions

　　In order to avoid the conclusion of this extreme skepticalist，Many philosophers have tried to give solution to skeptical paradox from different angles。tendonist believes: one，"s through E means specific things，Because even after t，S will also use E in some way;，"The meaning of S is to use E to determine by e under the ideal conditions"。Tendentists restore the meaning as a tendency，I believe that through the same situation, the tendency behavior of a certain expression can be used in the same situation，Grasp the meaning of this expression。But，Cripk thinks，The basic defect of the theory of tendency is that it does not take into account the normativeness of meaning。The expression tendency of the speaker can only show that what he will do in some cases，instead of what should I do。The normative nature of meaning means: the meaning of language expression is a binding effect on how the speaker uses a certain expression，That is, the speaker should only use it in a way in line with this expression meaning。It is precisely because of the significance of expression meaning，We can know that using it for certain objects is correct，It is wrong to use it for other objects。According to Cripk's point of view，Any theory that failed to consider meaningfulness should be abandoned。So，"Pure Use" theories，That is, what the speaker did or tends to explain the meaning，instead of the theory that explains meaning according to what should be done should be abandoned。

Paul Boghossian (Paul Boghossian) believes that significance is a normative position，The inherentist features that reflect a defense。If you want to express some meaning through words，We must realize that the sentences we use are in the position of being defended。In terms of significance,，It contains important facts to use words。As a user user，We must assume the responsibility of using the word。If "green" means green，So we should only apply the term "green" to the green object，instead of applying Bet365 app download it to other things that are not green。Words express the fact that a certain thing is，It means that using this word requires a whole set of normative truth。That is to say，The normative of semantics ensures that the words can be truly (true)、Use local (warranteDly) use。In short，The normative nature of meaning means "expressing instructions that need to be internalized by words to guide，Therefore, use words based on these instructions can be considered appropriate "。

　　The normative and semantics anti -norms theory of meaning

From the above you can know，Cripk believes that the correct application method of language expression requires the inner meaning。This means that the speaker has a "should" obligation in the linguistic expression。If the speaker does not apply a certain expression to its appropriate object，Then it violates the specification requirements of expression meaning。This position has been opposed by semantic anti -normists。They think，The speaker "correctly uses" and "green" is above the green object，It does not involve the obligation of the speaker "should"。There is no reason to show，Explanation of the correct use of language expression，It must be based on the standardization of meaning。In other words，Even the speaker correctly applies it to the appropriate object in a way in line with a way of expression of an expression，This does not mean that the speaker is a standardized obligation of semantic semantics，I did what "should" do。For the speaker，The word "green" means green object，The normality of the inner containing is used instead of semantics。Because other community members use the word "green" in this way，For the convenience of communication and common life，It is necessary to keep consistent with the community。

According to Cripk's point of view，The norm Bet365 lotto review of meaning is to provide the conditions for the correct use of language expressions，That is the real value condition。This means how to use this expression from the extension of an expression。For example，(1) If "green" means green，So "green" is only true for the green object; (2) If "green" is only true for green objects，Then the speaker should only apply "green" to the object of green; (3) If the speaker uses "green", it means green objects，So he should only apply "green" to the green object。It's hard to say that this is an effective reasoning，Because the connection between "true" and "should" in the second premise is not obvious。Although "green" is applied to green objects is correct，But this does not mean that the speaker should only use the word "green" like this。The speaker in a specific context is due to rhetoric and other reasons，It can be applied to other objects，does not violate the obligation of "should" in semantics。In short，From the true value of an expression，Can't directly obtain the normative truth using it。

Some people think，If you set the truth to tell the truth as an ethical or cognitive obligation，Then the above reasoning can be established。Not to mention that this is an excessive ethical requirement，Even if the meaning of the expression is combined with the intention of telling the truth，It can indeed produce the obligation of "should"，Then the above inference becomes: "If the speaker wants to tell the truth，and he uses 'green' means green objects，Then the speaker should only apply 'green' on top of the green object。"Obviously，The normative expression here is external，There is no content in any semantic normative content。Only the speaker shows that in order to achieve some purpose，If the listener of the community members understands the meaning of their own intentions, bet365 Play online games it takes a hypothetical command.。Even if telling the truth is an obligation，The speaker uses "green" means green object，Not because the term "green" itself is specified。As Fodor and Horwich pointed out: "Specifically，Perhaps the normative requirements of true faith are required from useful true faith and useless false believers，instead of reflecting the concept of constituting the content of the belief is essentially standardized。”

"It is essentially standardized"，The difficulty of this problem lies in the concept of normative concepts that contain many levels of righteousness，Ethics、Epidemic theory and other fields have different interpretations of this。I think，The argument of semantic standardization is because philosophers forget the original intention after pulling the anchor after the anchor，or lost the route。Wittgenstein's "Language Game" as a human social practice activity clarifies "the publicity of explanation and understanding"，People need to follow the corresponding rules to participate in "Language Games"，The publicity of the game rules presets the behavior that obey the rules cannot be private; in public、Understanding "Language Game" activity cannot exist directly from self -explanatory、There is no doubt "private language"。The argument of semantic normative issues is contrary to the essence of the theory of Vitgustein theory in a sense。Although Vitgustein explains the semantic specifications in the perspective of social practice，Inspirily inspired the methodology, such as Cripk、Pitnan、Celas、Roti、Many philosophers such as Macorwell and Brandon，But related discussions are indeed easy to fall into the mud of relativity and restoration theory。

　　(This article is the "Research on the Regulatory Problem of Customs" (RWSKCX201818) in Heilongjiang University Basic Scientific Research Business Fitage Heilongjiang University Special Scientific Research Business Business Fitage)

(Author Unit: School of Applied Foreign Languages ​​in Heilongjiang University)