The so -called "public health"，Simply put, "Improve and protect the health of the people through collective intervention"。Usually，Intervention has government support。Public health highlights the government's responsibilities and regulation capabilities，Government's power and obligations are to eliminate a threat to public health through commands and other mandatory means。Public Health Ethics is the ethical research on public health，It aims to study all ethical issues related to public health and solve the ethical principles and moral specifications that these problems should be paid to。Public health intervention takes collective interests or population as a goal，Dissatisfaction and challenge that aroused the right to pay attention to personal freedom。This is usually described as a conflict between the responsibility of personal rights and the responsibility of the country's population health，or the conflict between the so -called "rights and good"。So，Can this conflict between the two be coordinated?

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Public health ethics developed only from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century。It is a branch field of life medicine or more generally speaking of life ethics。Life Ethics appeared in the 1960s，Although its history is not long，But there is a typical feature，Follow the patient's personal health rights and autonomy。bet365 live casino games That is to say，It has the foundation of liberal ideology。but，Public health cares about the health of the entire population，Taking collective rather than personal health。This is different from the principle of respecting personal autonomy of life ethics。For epidemic disease、Public health problems such as infectious diseases，Life Ethics is not interested，However, there were so -called privacy protection and other problems in the process of AIDS prevention，Only make life ethics start thinking about public health theme。

but，Life Ethics Focus on Public Health，Obviously a misplaced。Because there is a fundamental difference in the pursuit of the pursuit of both parties。British scholar O’Neill explained: "In my opinion，The basic reason for contemporary life ethics for public health is，It is expressed by its attention to personal autonomy，All the compulsory for health is wrong。But，Many public health measures should be valid，It must be compulsory，All compulsory measures depend on sanctions，Therefore, some kind of compulsive force may be used。"" This word indicates，Life Ethics adheres to the principle of personal autonomy，Compulsory to accept public health intervention，I believe it is the harm to the right of personal rights。but，If public health measures are not compulsory，Obviously cannot guarantee your own validity。Another scholar Lawrence Gostin also said: "Public health institutions have various personal autonomy or freedom of personal autonomy or freedom that limits the public，These powers can stop individuals to stop bet365 Play online games harmful behavior，Forced individuals to undergo physical examination or treatment，Temporary or indefinitely detaining them。"" This seems to look like，Calm health intervention，between the ethics of life that advocates personal autonomy，There seems to be no way to reconcile。

Public bet365 live casino games health ethics and life ethics conflict，It is because of public health intervention with collective interests as the goal，At the same time, it is inevitable to have compulsory，So even if it sacrifice personal interests，It is also understandable。If there is no compulsory，Its effectiveness cannot be guaranteed。O'Neal also said, "Obviously，Public health policy is often imposed，And imposed on full reasons。They are imposed on people and groups facing common risks -which is why they can be so effective。"" But，Once the national public health intervention is compulsory，It will cause challenges of rights words。

You can say this，Public Health Ethics, although it comes from the ethics of life，But its development can be regarded as a rebellion and correction of the extreme development of modern ethical individualism。Life ethics too much attention to individual or doctor -patient relationship，Emphasize the realization of personal rights，I did not look at the members of society from the perspective of the group.、Protect the health and safety of society and groups。So，Although public health ethics is born from life ethics，But it has formed a new style，instead of using life ethics as a template。but，Taking collective interests as the goal，Does it inevitably hurt personal interests?

　　Conflict between public health ethics and life ethics can be coordinated

Actually，Life ethics and public health ethics are relatively young subject categories，Both are constantly evolving。Public Health Ethics, although born of life ethics，But this can not be said that life ethics is out of date，or should be replaced by public health ethics。Turn in turn，Public health ethics cannot adopt the template of life ethics，Personal interests over the collective interests。The two have their own characteristics。From the current performance of these two theories，The conflict between them is not uncoordinated。

First，Both sides can realize mutual benefit。The Center for Life Ethics of the United States said，Although there are differences between public bet365 live casino games health ethics and life ethics，But the two are not necessarily opposite，Both sides can realize mutual benefit。Life Ethics can provide ethical concepts for public health and clarify ethical problems。In this respect，Some principles in life ethics such as the principle of justice、No damage principle, etc.，still play a role in public health。and public health can broaden the perspective of life ethics。For example，From personal autonomy and clinical care, to care about population health，is a process of extended vision。So，Life Ethics can contribute to the future development of public health; in turn，Public health can also expand the concerns of life ethics。This description，Life ethics as long as you broaden your own perspective，It is possible to coordinate with public health ethics。Actually，Life Ethics and Public Health Ethics have a trend of evolution from a global perspective，On bet365 Play online games solving global health issues，Both parties can support each other，Mutual benefit。

Next，Public health although the entire population health is the goal，But the concept of "population" here is of course composed of individuals，Therefore, you cannot rule out the consideration of personal interests。Saying public health does not consider personal interests，It must be wrong。"There is no reason for superiority，Develop public health ethics into an isolated discourse，To distinguish between medical ethics or life ethics。From the overall point of view，We have a good reason to maintain or pursue the unity of theoretical。"Angus Dawson's words aims to criticize conflict theory represented by O'Neal，He believes that he can coordinate life ethics and public health ethics。On the one hand，If the "non -interference freedom" of life ethics is a priority principle，Then it must not really accept other values。So，Only break this priority principle，can avoid this problem。On the other hand，Although public health ethics is based on the pursuit of collective interests，But it is not necessarily required to exclude personal interests，even sacrificing personal interests。Public health ethics associates how the society guides individuals to pursue common good，instead of opposing collective interests with personal interests。"Personal is not just an individual，Not just a group、Society、Components of the community and population。What we need is a kind of public health ethics，In turn is another kind of ethics of life。They are sensitive bet365 best casino games to the reality of social relations with each other，and lay the foundation。"So，Public bet365 live casino games health ethics and life ethics are not only contradictory，And pursuing the goal can be converged，As long as the two parties maintain sensitivity to the reality of social relations。

Actually，Life Ethics in today's development，Sensitivity to social relations。For example，Some life ethics scholars borrow the concept of feminist "Relational Autonomy"，It is to highlight the premise and conditions of social relations that personal autonomy can realize，To get rid of the hallucination of "non -interference freedom" in life ethics。This description，The development of life ethics has created an opportunity to be close to public health ethics。So，Both can not only achieve mutual benefit，And it can be consistent on issues that care about common concern。It is not an inevitable contradiction between them，but can be coordinated with each other、Common Development。

In short，What we need is a Justice society guided by common good，instead of holding the illusion of "freedom of non -interference"，Ignore the responsibility of individuals to others and society。Under the background of the outbreak of genetic disease，The state has the responsibility to implement public health intervention to protect people's health。Public Health Ethics requires an open perspective，It needs to be open to rights; public health not only requires national power，And require personal participation。This is also a condition for human obtaining health and peace。

　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Social Development of Overseas Chinese University)