"De" is a concept of strong political nature，Expressing the administrative behavior of benefiting the people for the people or the people or the morality that should be possessed。but，Its connotation has produced extremely major changes in Lao Tzu。Lao Tzu thinks，"De" is the implementation of "Tao" in all things，At the same time is the basis of human nature theory。He abstracts "virtue"，Make it a philosophical concept that is second only to "Tao"。"Germany" is much higher than everyone，Because only people have the risk of losing virtue。Therefore, Lao Tzu attaches great importance to the cultivation of "virtue"，I hope that people can return to the life of Germany。

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East Zhou Dynasty，The authority and binding power of ancient religion have basically fallen apart，At that time, the problem of people's life and settlement became the main concern of thinkers，The value of "virtue" is highlighted。Confucianism and Taoism both attach great importance to "Germany"，But there are obvious differences between the two。

Confucianism transforms the heavens of religion into morality，Provides the basis for human nature。Confucian "virtue" is from the sky，Tiande is the guarantee of human virtue。Confucian scholars represented by Confucius，The connotation of "benevolence" to "virtue"，Make "virtue" new content。But Taoism completely removes the mystery of "Tian" completely，Make the sky recover into the sky of nature。Lao Tzu passed the creative interpretation of "Tao"，Create a new cosmic theory system。with him，God is no longer the ultimate support of people，There is also a more ultimate "Tao" on the sky。

Different from Confucian，Taoism’s "virtue" is no longer based on heaven，Bet365 app download but the manifestation of "Tao"。This is a complete subversion to destiny theory。Compared with "Sky"，"Tao" is more abstract，If the ethics of Confucianism still remains the elements of fateful conclusions，So "Tao" is a purely rational product。"German" born by "Tao"，Already surpassed the category of morality，Follow the essence of human beings。

German theory in "Lao Tzu"，In fact, it is human nature theory。Although there is no "sex" in "Lao Tzu"，But this does not mean that he has no human perspective。Lao Tzu believes that the sky is no longer reliable，Therefore，Need to find new support for human nature。Under this theoretical appeal，He creatively built the cosmic theory with "Tao" as the core，Want to find a place to settle down。The way he depicts the existence of "Tao"，In fact, it is also a person’s ideal living state。Therefore，"De" is the implementation of "Tao"，is the basis of human nature theory。People reach "Tao" through "virtue"，and live a natural and comfortable life，It is both the hope of Lao Tzu for people，It is also the goal of others' theory。

To provide a reliable basis for human theory，Lao Tzu has abandoned the "Sky" that has gradually declined since the Western Zhou Dynasty，Another way to create a metaphysical system with "Tao" as the core。and "virtue" as the specific manifestation of "Tao"，Get rid of the previous specific content，Developed into an abstract philosophical concept。This is the "virtue" of Taoism，Especially the unique to Lao Tzu's "virtue"，A sharp contrast with Confucianism。

　　"De" is the implementation of "Tao" in all things

"Said the Word" interpreted "virtue" as "outside people，Inner Destroyer "。"Get"，means "get" and "get" meaning，Refers to the true ownership of something or things。Wang Yan also associates "virtue" with "gain"，and further represent，The things obtained through "Germany" are not other，but Tao。

bet365 Play online games This relationship between "Tao" and "virtue"，There is a clear performance in Chapter 21 of "Lao Tzu": "Confucius's Rong，Wei Dao is from。"Su Zhe explained:" Tao is invisible，and its transportation is virtue，If there is Rongyu，The Observation of the Taoist Moral also。Self -push，Then there are public，All the Tao see it in the object。"The road itself is invisible，Therefore, there is no shape to be visible。"De" comes from "Tao"，Is the specific manifestation of invisible "Tao"。Although "virtue" is "Tao"，But these two are not exactly the same。Only those who are virtue，can be called "Tao"。

"German" income is "Tao"，It is the implementation of "Tao" in all things。So，How is this process realized? After all things get "virtue"，What are the performances? In "Lao Tzu" Chapter 39，Lao Tzu described the scene of "Tao" for us: "In the past, one person: the sky is clear，Di Yiyi，God has to be spiritual，Valley is Ying，Everything can be born，Hou Wang has to think of the world。"" From this text, we can know，The "virtue" that Lao Tzu said mainly refers to all things from "Tao" and "getting"，But in different natural individuals，"Germany" obtained by "Tao"，Due to the level of the individual、Realm、Area, etc.，presents different moral characteristics。In other words，"Tao" implements different things，There will be different performances: God is clear because of the "Tao"，Land quietly because of the "Tao"，God Ling Ming because of the "Tao"，Gu's abundance of "Tao" and abundant，All things have gained their own lives because they got "Tao"，Hou Wang is positive for the world because of "Tao"。Obviously，Sky、Di、Valley、God，They are inconsistent from what they get from "one"，But these are the manifestations of their own "virtues"。Thousands of things have become themselves because of their "Tao"，The "Tao" that falls in all things bet365 best casino games gives everything different features，These characteristics are collectively referred to as "German"。All things were born because of "Tao"，It is displayed because of "virtue"，Although their "virtues" are different，But there is a common root that is "Tao"。This is the "Tao" from abstraction to specific process。

"Tao" in "Lao Tzu" is a highly abstract concept。As the origin of all things，It is invisible but omnipotent。"De" is the implementation of "Tao"，Therefore，"De" also has an abstract nature。"De" This feature is given by Lao Tzu。Before Lao Tzu，The original meaning of "virtue" is "behavior"，It mainly refers to a set of political acts that the ruler aims to benefit the people and benefit the people，It is contaminated with a stronger political color。Although Confucius developed "virtue" to internalization when Confucianism created Confucianism，and give it the connotation of "benevolence"，But Confucius did not raise the "virtue" to the upper level。and Lao Tzu not only internalization of "virtue"，Abstract will also be abstracted，Make "virtue" the concept of "Tao" after "Tao"。

　　"De" has a special significance for "people"

among all things，People are the most special existence。This particularity is manifested in people's diversity，His moral saint like Shun，There is also a violent monarch like Jie。For other species，"De" is a complete concept。Therefore，As a "object"，There is no situation of "losing virtue"; people are not。Although the "virtue" of the "Tao" of people is abundant at birth，But after the subjective consciousness was generated，"virtue" of congenital endowment may be lost at any time。Converse，Because the "virtue" of people is not fixed，So those who lose "virtue" can re -obtain "virtue" by cultivation。Therefore，"German" for people，It is significantly higher than the meaning of "virtue" to things。

From this perspective, interpret Chapter 51，Bet365 lotto review It is not difficult to understand why Lao Tzu is "respecting the Taoist virtue"。Lao Tzu explained how "Tao" and "Germany" gave birth to livestock: "Taoism，German Animals，Topic，Time Chengzhi。It is a good deed with all things。Daozun，Degu，Fu Mo Zhizhi and often naturally。"The birth of all things follows a strict logic: first is" Taoist "。"Tao" as the foundation of all things，It is the logical starting point of the process of the generation of all things。Followed by "moral animal"。"Sheng" and "Animal" are used very properly，"Sheng" is an instant action，"Animal" is a continuous process，"Animal，Yang Ye。Biological Road also，Nutrients Deye "。These two verbs accurately reflect the different functions of "Tao" and "Germany"。"Tao" is the key to all things，But the achievement of animal care is completed by "virtue"。Therefore，"De" in the process of generating all things is an important role。So，Only the saying of "it is not respect for all things and not respect"。

All things and people are supported by "virtue"，Therefore, when people are born,，Nothing to do with everything。"Lao Tzu" said: "，Compared to Chizi。"The so -called" Red Zi "，That is, the state before the person has not yet produced the subjective consciousness。Once the baby grows up into a child，I have my own thoughts，From then on, it has been separated from natural state，and have separated from all things。Therefore，Lao Tzu encourages people to return to the state of the baby: "Know the hero，Keeping his female，For the World Creek。For the World Creek，Changde does not leave，Repeated Baby。Knowing its white，Keep it black，is the world style。is the world style，Changde is not，Repeated to Wuji。Knowing Qirong，Keep it humiliation，For the World Valley。For the World Valley，Changde Nai Foot，Repeated to Park。"" can be seen from it，Bet365 app download From "Changde Insuvenating" to "Changde Nai Foot"，is a kind of conversion from negation to affirmative。How is this conversion realized? Lao Tzu thinks，The cultivation of a person is not done overnight，Instead, you need to go through a process of "returning"。"Return", on the one hand, emphasizes the return of the initial state，It means regression，On the other hand, it also represents the ultimate destination。The reason why you want to "return"，Naturally because there is a departure。Therefore，The focus of "return" is "knowledge" and "guard"。If ignorance，Can't realize the departure of people and "virtue"，There will be no problem of "returning"。But only "knowing" is not enough。"Shou" represents a person's choice。"male" and "white"，All are loved by the world，but contrary to "Tao" and "De"。If you want to return to the way，It is actually necessary to give up its Hua Hua。Therefore，"Knowing" and "Shou" two actions，It embodies the subjective choice of people。"Return" on the basis of this，is meaningful。Repeated Baby，Just return to a state of ignorance and desire，instead of the result of the use of rational choices。From "Changde Insuvenating" to "Changde Nai Foot"，is the leap from "virtue" to "Tao"。

"De" occupy an important position in "Lao Tzu"，It is because "virtue" is the most important part of communicating "Tao" and "Everything"。By "German"，"Tao" can land in everything，The theory of human nature has a basis。"De" transformed by Lao Tzu，Its connotation has changed huge changes from the Western Zhou Dynasty。Although the "virtue" in the Western Zhou Dynasty also expressed the specific behavior of people to some extent、Quality，But lack of inherent support。The "virtue" in the Western Zhou Dynasty is related to the original religious -related，But this association is not rational，It does not reflect Bet365 app download the humanistic spirit of "virtue"。metaphysics，Lao Tzu will internalize "virtue"、metaphysics，is a huge advancement of the concept of "virtue"。When Lao Tzu uses "virtue"，Most of them are for people。Although people are the most spiritual existence among all things，But the "virtue" of people is not fixed。That is to say，"De" for people，Always an unfinished。This requires people to always pay attention to cultivating their own "German"。The most ideal state of a person is "Return to Park"，This can realize the realm of communication with the "Tao"。

　(Author Unit: Philosophy of Renmin University of China)