Public interest，referred to as "Public Welfare"，Is a kind of wisdom、Pastened concepts，It exists in the cultural tradition of a society、Political debate、Legal practice、Legal practice、Public Administration、Ethics，"Traveling" in theoretical text and real fields like a ghost。"Public Interests" related ideas can be traced back to ancient Greece in the 5-6th century BC。and contemporary，Look at the various concepts of public interests，Although it is extremely important，But there are many opinions，even conflict with each other。Study from abroad，The theory of ethics is roughly formed、Nothing to say、Process said、Consensus Theory of Four Studies，essentially to western liberalism、Communityism、Direct or indirect reflections of the three major genres of republicanism。Looking at it from domestic research，Public administration、Public Management、Public Policy、Administrative (Public) Ethics、Law and other disciplines have paid more attention to the study of public interests，However, it has not yet formed its own unique theoretical system and research method。It is worth noting that，The study of the problem of public interest from the perspective of political philosophy from political philosophy。

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From the perspective of ontology,，Public interest is real and objective，and provide a solid foundation and eternal motivation for the survival and development of society。The most essential difference between human activities and animal activities is the group sex of human activities、Purpose and cooperation。Human activity is a living life，Qunqia reflects a rational existence。"The essence of a person is not an abstract object inherent in a single person，Bet365 app download In its reality，It is the sum of all social relations "，"The essence can only be understood as the 'class'，Understanding as an inner、Silent、The universal nature of many individuals naturally linked "。This indicates，Human life is always an organized life，Can anyone out of society and exist in isolation。Human activity also has obvious purpose，This purpose is manifested in the results (goals) of their actions (targets) before people act。Humans have a self -determination ability in nature，Its main purpose is to seek excellent life。But human beings are just to survive，It is necessary to organize and maintain it "。It is under the guidance of the goal of "seeking excellent life"，As an individual's individual and as the overall community can we grow together。group sex and purpose also determine the cooperation of human activities。"The meaning of social relationships here refers to the common activity of many people，As for what conditions this activity is、What method and purpose for the purpose，It is irrelevant。"" Cooperation "is a common need and common purpose for people，"Cooperation" can become a common will，is a creator of a person。

New recent studies indicate，Although as a micro individual，I got more resources for myself，But the overall adaptability is declining，Therefore, you need to cooperate。From hunting society to ethnic countries，Cooperation has always been a decisive organization principle in human society。When human beings design and improve a series of systems，An important value orientation is to guide and motivate people to cooperate，So as to produce cooperation and remain。"Cooperation remaining" indicates that a community of cooperation should be for the purpose of "positive common interests"。Common interest is both the purpose of cooperation and the result of cooperation。Any community is generated to achieve certain common interests，Operation of bet365 Play online games the community、Survival and Development，Requires the community members to take coordination and consistent action under the drive of common interests。After the emergence of the nation country，This common interest is transformed into public interests。

　　Public interest is cognitive and grasped

From the perspective of the conceptive sense，Public interest is cognitive and grasped。According to Huntington's point of view，No matter what kind of method of exploring public interests，All must give public interests the next "specific rather than vague，Generally not special definition。Unfortunately，In most cases，or there is specificity but no universal，or is universal without specificity "。Generally speaking，The concept of public interest, the more universal、Openness and tolerance，The more adaptability, the more adaptability、vitality and explanation，But lack of specific guiding meaning for action。On the contrary，The definition of the concept of public interest, the more specific and accurate，Although it is better to guide action，But it may also limit the rich connotation and theoretical value of this concept。Public interest as the ultimate purpose of a concept，It is intended to explore how human society can create order and cooperation，Create a public life that coincides with common values。But in general，Neither the public interest cannot be decomposed and quantified，Can't achieve meaningful measurement，Therefore, it is difficult to be used in some analysis。The complexity of the concept of public interest、Changeability and lack of operating，It makes it difficult for it to be a popular analysis tool。"Rather than the role of the concept of public interest，It provides a clear definition for us what should we do，or even provides the standard for available for specific decision -making issues; it is better to say，It is a sign of a problem and is placed in front of administrative decisions and behavior。”

But，I think，On the one bet365 Play online games hand，In modern society，The concept of collective interests or public interests play a vital role in political theory，and build the main foundation of democratic concepts in the form of "people enjoy"。On the other hand，"Public Product" theory indicates，The chase that does not increase its own interests will eventually dismantle the foot of the platform，and society, purely driven by personal private interests, is destined to be full of frustration and misfortune。The concept of public products highlights public interests or collective interests，It is different from the personal interests of individuals or groups。This provides a necessary reason for government intervention。In addition，Human beings are under the illumination of rationality，It can be used by abandoning the public interest from the front and all its specific forms，Instead of "Process Control" in reverse exclusion，Principles of the characteristics of the common interests of the public interest，Continuously screen out things that are not public interests，In the end, the content and specific form of public interest can be clarified，The "reasonable boundary" of determining the public interest。Usually，Analysis of the formation of public interests is often more explained than seeking public interests itself。Public interests pursued as the goal can be regarded as an objective existence，It can also be regarded as a process of being in progress。Its quality and importance are closely related to the process of pursuing it，It has a close relationship with it that must be pursued forever。

　　Public interests need political philosophy to explain

Beautiful pictures of public interests require every social member to "strive to maintain a spirit of dedication to social development、A bouquet to the eyes of the distant future，and the sense of fairness to tolerate everything "。Public interest as a confusing concept，At the same time, it also reflects bet365 live casino games a desired eternal "common good" value appeal。Looking at the long river of human history，People's understanding of public interests always intertwined with the understanding of good，The process of changing from an abstract moral principle to the common welfare transformation of specific individuals，The evolution from "common good" to "personal good"。But，Only as far as the three major political philosophy genres in the West，The understanding of the relationship between "common good" and "personal good" is not the same or even very different。Communityism emphasizes high -level good，Especially emphasizing the highest level of goodness is "public or common or common good"，"Personal Goodness" must obey "Common Good"。In the eyes of liberals，Rights better than good，The so -called "common good" is the kind of good that can ensure the ability of personal free choice，This common good concept requires restrictions on people's pursuit of public value。Republican attempts to reconcile liberal and communityism in the late revision，Despite the discussion of "respect"，But its dispute about goodness has not yet settled in the dust。

The revival of Western political philosophy is marked by the advent of Rours's theory of justice，It aims to watch a deserved value in a declined public life world，At the same time, it also means that the legal issues are examined in a philosophical way to gain legitimacy，and philosophy, the type of knowledge, re -debut in contemporary contemporary。In modern contemporary，Political Philosophy has practical functions、guidance function、reconciliation function、Discuss Four Functions。As far as practical functions，The task of political philosophy is to pay attention to deep issues related to important political conflicts，If the public interest exists，Is it possible to reach public interests，How to solve the conflict between public interest and private interests，All need to be explained with the bet365 Play online games help of political philosophy。In terms of guidance function，When a political community takes their political and social system as a whole to think about，Take them as a citizen to treat，When their goals and purposes are regarded as a goal and purpose of a historic society，You must not be clarified from the dimension and height of public interests。As far as the reconciliation function，Political philosophy to soothe our disappointment and anger for a certain society。By appropriate understanding of a social system, can only achieve this reasonable state only after a long experience，The system that can remind people to pursue public interest is the inner reasonable appeal of the political community，Need to maintain the concept of history，to achieve the reconciliation of reality and history。As far as discussing function，Discuss the limit of the possibility of practical politics，Political philosophy is a realist utopian，It can make us firm: our social system allows at least one appropriate political order existence，So a system that is righteous but imperfect is possible。In other words，Can always find a system of righteousness to realize public interests，Although it is not perfect，But it can be close to perfect。

The effort of political philosophy is to make people out of Plato's "cave"，To pursue a better political community life and a more complete political community society。"Political philosophy plays an irreplaceable role in providing source living water for fundamental political principles and political ideals。"" Political Community needs reflection and observation of political philosophy，so as to condense into a beautiful value consensus of the political community- "Common Goodness"。Public interest as a "common good" for human society as a diligent "common good"，It is always closely related to the value of a political community and the necessary value necessary for development，As long as human society bet365 Play online games exists，It is impossible to stop asking for public interests。When the "public interest" in knowledge is fragmented by many disciplines in different ways of speaking，The responsibility of the integrity and unity of political philosophy of political philosophy; when the "public interest" in practice is trampled on in the name of sacred and lofty，Need the clear and leading of political philosophy。

　　(Author Unit: School of Public Management of Nanjing Normal University)