In the process of the collapse of European feudalism，The political and religious system dominated by the Catholic Church also gradually collapsed。After Martin Luther、The wave of religious reform initiated by John Calvin and others，Montesquieu、Rousseau、Kant and others also started the vigorous modern enlightenment ideological movement。The entire 18th century，The ideological pioneers of the Enlightenment were committed to exploring the country、Government、Freedom、Equality、nj bet365 rights and other key issues，The modern rational tradition brought about by the Enlightenment has a profound impact on the historical process after the 18th century。Especially the analysis of “people” issues，Directly using nj bet365 reason to expel the darkness of ignorance，Replacing religious superstition with nj bet365 science，The legend of defeating history with nj bet365 knowledge。Modern Enlightenment thought’s answer to the question “What is a nj bet365 being?”，Indirectly influenced Marx’s formulation and interpretation of the concept of “objective man”。From the “natural man” as the ideal of modern enlightenment thought，To the “objective person” proposed by Marx at the beginning of his labor alienation theory，Modernity’s concept of “nj bet365” comes from desire、Passive、Mandatory，Towards the society、Active、Objective。In this process，Marx completed the transcendence of the Enlightenment concept of "man"。

Modern Enlightenment thinkers represented by Rousseau believe that，Social environment is the most important factor leading to changes in nj bet365 nature，In order to cultivate free and rational modern people，People must maintain their nature through education，Begins to become a “natural person”。What is a “natural person”？In "On the Origin and Basis of nj bet365 Inequality"，Rousseau initially proposed the idea of ​​"barbarians"。Barbarians are entirely from the hand of the Creator，Wandering in the forest，Not affected by social environment，Totally free。In "Emile"，Rousseau’s thoughts were further improved。The “natural person” is no longer in a completely original state，But live in society、People who are full of yearning and love for freedom and equality。The identities of “natural persons” and social citizens are different，Citizens are members of a democracy，Natural persons are the preparations for social citizens，He does not have a fixed social identity or social position，Can adapt to any position，Because he has perfect morals、People who conform to the ideals of modernity。In Rousseau，nj bet365 sociality is considered to be forced by life，For example, division of labor and cooperation are what people are forced to accept in order to obtain materials for survival。The historical contribution of Rousseau’s “natural man” lies in，He peels off the social shell of modern people，Restore it to its natural animal state，Start to examine “what is a nj bet365 being” from a natural perspective。

Pure primitive "natural man" or "barbarian"，Free from a social perspective，But it is limited from the perspective of possessing material materials。The greatest progress of modern society is to replace natural restrictions with social restrictions，At the cost of giving up part of your freedom，Using social order and division of labor to ensure the stability of nj bet365 existence。Kant further perfected the image of "natural man" as the modern ideal，He believes that people are rational beings，People have free will。To enable people to consciously obey morality，Need to continuously promote their understanding and compliance with the principles of goodness，To be able to live freely in the state of nature。Kant further refined and emphasized the attribute of freedom contained in Rousseau’s “natural man”，Point out that people are “natural people”，A “rational person” again，Only by combining the two，Only in order to achieve a perfect modern ideal state，Become a real "free man"。As a pioneer in discussing issues of people and nj bet365 nature，Rousseau and Kant’s discussion of the attributes of “man” as the modern ideal became a hot topic in philosophical thinking in the 18th century。1776，Jeremy Bentham claimed that the concept of freedom is “negative”，He defines a “free man” as “a man free from coercion”。There are various signs that，Discussions on the attributes of “nj bet365” by modern enlightenment thinkers，Changed the ignorant state of passive existence of people under the shroud of religion，Start to re-evaluate the value of people as the main body of the world。

To the 19th century，The question "What is a nj bet365 being?" is still a solemn and serious fundamental question in the context of philosophy。Marx’s understanding of nj bet365 nature，It is a step-by-step process。Marx before the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (hereinafter referred to as the "Manuscripts")，Still not free from the a priori presuppositions about nj bet365 nature under the modern Western epistemological paradigm，Thus understanding people from the perspective of "essentialism"，Especially deeply influenced by Hegel’s philosophy of “impersonal reason” and Feuerbach’s humanism。Therefore，He believes that as long as we realize that nj bet365 reality is an alienated existence that is different from nj bet365 nature，Thus once this alienated reality is abandoned，You can re-realize the true nature of nj bet365 beings。In "Manuscript"，Marx began to define nj bet365 nature as an objective existence，This is reflected in its confirmation of nj bet365 species nature such as "free and conscious activities" and "conscious species beings"。

Marx pointed out in the "Manuscripts": "Animals and their own life activities are directly identical。Animals do not distinguish themselves from their own life activities。It is a life activity。People make their own life activities themselves the objects of their own will and consciousness。He has conscious life activities。This is not the kind of determination that people are directly integrated with。Conscious life activities directly distinguish humans from those of animals。It is precisely because of this，Talents are quasi-beings。”Visible，The reason why humans are quasi-beings，It is determined by nj bet365 consciousness。Through consciousness activities，People can regard nature as their own spiritual or material objects in theory or practice，This makes people “universal”。At the same time，People can distinguish themselves from their own life activities through consciousness，And be able to turn one's "life activity itself into the object of one's own will and consciousness"。In this sense，"Free conscious activity"，It becomes a nj bet365’s “like characteristic”。This class feature is for production objects，People can freely and consciously regard production activities and products as their own kind of life；For natural objects，Man can regard nature as "his work and his reality"，Make nature the confirmation of his essential power，And realize the unity of man and nature at the level of "people" rather than "things"。nj bet365 class characteristics are derived from nj bet365 objectivity。Therefore，nj bet365 life process，That is, the process in which objective activities develop to "freedom" and "consciousness"。In addition to confirming the essence of humans as conscious beings in the distinction between humans and animals，Marx also confirmed the essence of man in his free and conscious activities。He thinks，On the premise of abandoning private ownership，Labor is no longer just "a means to satisfy a need, the need to maintain physical survival"；Opposite，Labor becomes a person’s “free expression of life”。The labor process is for people，It is no longer a self-denial，“I affirm my personal life in my labor，Thus it affirms the characteristics of my personality”。Therefore，I have "enjoyed the expression of personal life" in the labor process，Having fun again、Pleasure and pleasure；The product of labor becomes the result of the confirmation and objectification of the essence of my free personality，Thus they “are all mirrors reflecting our essence”。

Visible，Previous people understood nj bet365 essence as "inner"、Silent、A place of “commonality” that connects many individuals purely and naturally，Marx understood it as a real subject that confirms its own essential power in its own objective activities，Understood as the actual existence that embodies its own essence in the sum of all social relations。This fundamentally corrects Rousseau’s abandonment of all social factors，The pursuit of excessively idealized assumptions about pure “natural persons”，Also transform the pure moral reason in Kant’s “free man” into a tangible and tangible reality。Marx’s objectivity principle not only recognizes that humans are perceptual objective beings，And understand people as active、Historical existence。In "Manuscript"，Marx praised Hegel for his greatness，“Considering nj bet365 self-generation as a process，Think of objectification as non-objectification，As externalization and the sublation of this externalization”。The historical nature of nj bet365 objective activities determines the historical and social nature of nj bet365 nature: nj bet365 objective activities create the object world associated with humans，And nj bet365 emotional creation、The time when people’s realistic objective activities are unfolded constitutes history，The space that can be expanded becomes the society in which people live。

In short，Marx’s objectivity principle，Dissolved the metaphysical shackles of abstractly understanding people and nj bet365 nature，Thus restoring the understanding of people to the basis of realistic object activities。Only in people’s realistic objective activities，Understand people and their essence in the historical and social nature of their objective activities，Only by truly grasping people，And provide theoretical premise for understanding the alienation nature of people’s real object relations and object activities under the conditions of private ownership。At the same time，Also aimed at freeing people from being dominated、Laying the foundation for the communist doctrine liberated from alienated object relations and object activities。

　(Author’s unit: nj bet365 Science Teaching and Research Department of Inner Mongolia Party School (Administrative College))