In the 1940s,British philosopher G. E. Moore successively put forward three sentences in different works: "P and I don't believe P" "P and I believe non -P" "P and I don't know P"。Later generations collectively referred to as Moore sentences。Where,The previous two are called believeable Moore sentences,The last one is called a knowledge -type Moore sentence。The weirdness of Moore's sentence is: they can be true,But it cannot be determined by "I"。such as,Suppose "I know‘ P and I do n’t know p ’”,I can get intuitively, "I know P" and "I don't know P", two contradictory propositions。Moore's discovery will soon get the attention from Wittgenstein University of Cambridge University。Wittgenstein believes that Moore sentences are an important discovery,and introduced it in the second part of the subsequent book "Philosophy Research".,The term "Moore Paradox" was proposed for the first time,From then on, the prelude to studying Moore sentences。
1962,Finnish logicist Sindica's "Knowledge and Belief" is officially published,This marks the birth of cognitive logic。The biggest contribution of the book is that the first use of the semantics of the relationship to build a logical model for knowledge and belief,This has formed a new research paradigm about bet365 live casino games knowledge and belief,It obviously has a different philosophical discussion。Cindica studied Moore sentences in detail in this book,Think that the subject believes that the Moore sentence and the subject know that the knowledge type Moore sentence is ridiculous。Related studies in Cindica make Moore sentences quickly become famous in the field of cognitive logic。Around the 1980s,Computer scientists found that the analysis of the model of knowledge can help people understand the complex interactive program behavior in the computer field,This has a strong research interest on cognitive logic。Famous logicist Sandustess Tim said that this is the "kiss of life" for cognitive logic。After that,Cognitive logic all the way to attack the city,Gradually formed a huge "cognitive logic family",Including cognitive logic、Public announcement logic、Dynamic cognitive logic、Cognitive logic、Mixed Tense Cognitive Logic、Social Network Cognitive Logic,etc.。Now,Cognitive logic family has grown to the most important、One of the hottest logic families。For more than half a century,Moore sentence provides important thrust for the development of the cognitive logic family,Occupy in the cognitive logic family。The following four reasons can explain this。
Bet365 lotto review 1963,American logicist Feicic intends to use logic methods in the article "A logical analysis of some value concepts" to analyze the concept of value,But unexpectedly got a paradox。It is said that,This paradox is found by anonymous review,This anonymous review is the famous logicist Qiu Qi。So,Feiqi paradox is also known as "Feiqi -Qiuqi Paradox"。Investigation principle,That is "all true propositions are known",is the basic point of view of empiricalism,conveys the courage and confidence of people's exploration of truth。Feiqi Paradox is formed directly in the principle of intellectuality of knowledge -type Moore sentences,As a result, the absurd conclusion of "All true propositions are known"。The ridiculous conclusions obtained by the paradox of Feiqi means that "knowledge" and "true" are the same thing,Then it means that cognitive logic will completely collapse into a classic proposition logic。The appearance of Feiqi paradox shakes the theoretical building of empiricalism and analysis philosophy,immediately caused the panic of logicians and philosophers。Since the 1960s,The international logic academic community has conducted a lot of research for this,Dozens of research solutions have been formed at present。Unfortunately,,How to relieve the paradox of Fei Qiqi in the international logic academic community so far that it has not been able to form a consensus。
Next,Moore sentence prompts (mixed) tense cognitive logic to grow rapidly。Facing Feiqi paradox,Many scholars advocate re -interpretation of the principles of Moore's sentences and knowledge.,The additional time factor becomes the most voiced elimination path。This solution path needs to build some new tense cognitive logic system,This promotes the development of cognitive logic in the invisibly。Add quantifier to interpret "all true propositions are known" as "for each true proposition,There is a time point to make the proposition know at this time point ",It is a recent emergence plan,Need to construct a mixed tense cognitive logic。Tense Cognitive Logic Anti -Logging Plan and Mixed Tense Cognitive Logic Solution Basically, they basically inherit the point of view of modern logic founder Fraig's meaning and meaning of sentences,I believe that the true value of the proposition will not change over time。They think,People can assert a knowledge -type Moore sentence。but,The time point of the "knowing" Moore sentence is different from the "unknown" time point contained in the Moore sentence itself,The key to eliminating the paradox of Moore is to strictly distinguish between these two time points。You can see,In -depth analysis of Moore sentences prompt (mixed) cognitive logic to continuously improve。
again,Moore sentences make public declaration logic unable to become formal modal logic。1989,American logicist Plezan established a public declaration logic system for the first time in the article "The Logic of Public Exchange",This system retains the classic cognitive logic of the portrayal of knowledge static distribution and cognitive reasoning,On this basis, it can also portray the announcement of the discourse movement to cause changes in the subject's knowledge and the corresponding reasoning。In public announcement logic,Announced a real proposition will trigger a model update,You need to delete all possible worlds that make the proposition fake。During the model update process,The true value of the atomic proposition does not change before and after the model update.。So,[P] P is valid in public declaration logic,It is declared that an atomic proposition will not change the true value of the atomic proposition in the possible world。But,The knowledge type Moore sentence is substituted into the above valid formula but it is an invalid type,Institutional rules are not established in public declaration logic。So,Public announcement of logic cannot become formal modal logic。Can the validity of the mode in the logic be asitated? to date,This problem is still unknown。
Last,In social network cognitive logic,Moore Sentence can be true and false after the information flows。Social network cognitive logic is a new research field that appeared in the past 10 years,Mainly study information flow from the perspective of social networks,It overcomes the defects of publicly announced logic only for the full -link social network。Relatively public declaration logic,AC channels and information senders in social network cognitive logic get logical portrayal。So,Social network cognitive logic can depict information flow in non -all -handed social networks,Expiration is stronger。In public announcement logic,Announcement of a Moore sentence will make the sentence change from real propositions to fake propositions。But,In social network cognitive logic,Moore sentences are more complicated after the information flows -can be true and false。such as,Moore sentence "Little Li is Beijing,But Wang Wu does not know "" announced to Wang Wu and Li Si, respectively,The cognitive model update caused by it is completely different。Moore sentences will cause cognitive models to be updated in the non -complete social network? This is a question that the social network cognitive logic urgently requires positive answers。
You can see,Moore Sentence is closely related to members of the cognitive logic family。It not only affects the "identity" of family members,It also has the development path of family members from technology。In the future for some time,Moore sentence will continue to affect the development of the cognitive logic family,Promote the cognitive logic family to further innovate in technology。This is not a good thing!
(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "" Logical Construction and Philosophy of Logic for Natural Language、Psychological Research "(18zda032) phase results)
(Author Unit: School of Political and Public Management of Qufu Normal University)
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