Under the context of inductive defense，Building reasonable qualitative confirmation criteria is the core task of inductive logic。With the rise and prevalence of the form of knowledge theory in the 21st century,，Confirmation theory and related difficulties once again become a hot spot for research in the academic community。Different quantitative confirmation standards such as the probability increase principle and high probability principle of the evidence support relationship between the data and the hypothesis through comparative probability values，The standard of qualitative confirmation is to illustrate the evidence support relationship between data and hypothesis statements between data statements and hypothesis statements。Put up sufficiently reasonable qualitative standards to explain the concept of definition，is the main goal of qualitative confirmation theory。

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Overcoming "related problems" has become the biggest dynamic cause of improvement standards。These related issues can be divided into two categories: (1) Sentence method related issues: If a certain data and a certain hypothesis are considered evidence support in semantics (or in fact)，But the statement of the statement of the data and the statement of the hypothesis of the expression does not meet bet365 Play online games the logical syntax relationship required by the given confirmation standard，So let's say that the confirmation standard is faced with related problems in the sentence method，It mainly includes "case confirmation issues" and "ultra -evidence vocabulary problems", etc.; relation，But the corresponding data and hypotheses are considered to have no evidence support relationship，So let's say that the confirmation standard is faced with semantic (or facts) related problems，Mainly "suture problems", "Christensen anti -examples" and "crow paradox", etc.。Where，Sewing problems should be subdivided into four types: hypothesis and sewing problems、Evidence Analysis of suture、hypothesis sewing problems and evidence collection suture。Look at the history of the theoretical development of the theoretical development，Drawing the confirmation of the dual confirmation relationship is usually faced with related problems of sentence method，and portraying the confirmation of the ternary confirmation relationship, although it can avoid the problem of syntax method，However, it will face semantic coherent problems。

　Two basic contents of qualitative confirmation standards

Each qualitative confirmation criteria are at least two parts of the basic conditions and restrictions: (1) The former is the basic requirements for the interpretation relationship between data statement and hypothesis statements，Determine which type of standard belongs to;。Since the basic conditions are always based on specific Bet365 app download concepts of concepts, the interpretation relationship is always explained，So，Restrictions may have two basic types: adding new interpretation relationships，For example，On the basis of "Data and Background Theory Push to Test Pilemaries", further requires "negation of data and background theory to push the negation of hypothesis to be tested";，That is to say，Based on the concept of this posterior，Data should not be allowed anymore、The derivative relationship between theory and hypothesis meets classic logic rules such as additional laws。For example，Although "Newton's Second Law" pushes "Newton's second law or a black crow"，But the derivative relationship meets the additional law，To the conclusion, there is an ingredient that is not related to the premise "Newton's Second Law" in the conclusion，So the concept of posterior inheritance based on related restrictions，"Newton's Second Law or a Black Crow" is no longer confirmed to "Newton's Second Law" based on the "hypothesis-interpretation" mode (H-D)。

　　Three main types of types of qualitative confirmation standards

From a formal perspective，Qualitative confirmation standards have different types，Mainly three types of division: (1) Generally，According to the hypothesis on the left or right of the push rune，Qualitative confirmation standards can be divided into two types: "case confirmation" and H-D。(2) Simple，According to whether there are factors other than data and hypotheses in the confirmation of the explanation，It can bet365 live casino games be divided into dual confirmation criteria and three yuan confirmation standards。In order to solve the fundamental limitations of the problem of over -evidence vocabulary problems faced by the dual -confirmed standard，Grandmore developed Hunpel's "satisfaction standard" into "pull -up condition"，Hobich develops Negel's "prediction standard" into a three -yuan version。(3) Special，According to whether it has some "overall" nature，Can be divided into band conditions and non -boot band conditions。The "overall" nature mentioned here actually refers to "pull -up band characteristics"，That is, to be detected as part of the known theory，Usually recorded as T: H。But except for the condition of pull -up band，Most versions of H-D and standard Bayesian explanations reject this feature。

　　Two main development stages of qualitative confirmation theory

The two aspects of the confirmation standards for confirmation have formed two main stages of qualitative confirmation theoretical development: the first stage started in the 1930s，The cause is，On the one hand, the basic nature of the reliability and completeness of the first -order logic gradually obtains proof，On the other hand, the demand for scientific spirit, especially certainty，Logic empiricists try to give the pure logic semantics of confirmed concept。The main feature of this stage is to achieve coherence by restricting the interpretation relationship between data and hypotheses。For example，Henpel's satisfaction standard、Grandmore's pull -up band conditions and bet365 live casino games Negel、Different versions of the prediction standards proposed by Meilille and Hovic and others。The second stage began in the 1990s，The cause is，Grand Moore not only claims that H-D is no hope，And the condition of pull -up bands it proposed is also caught in a difficult situation that is difficult to resolve。The main feature of this stage is that it is related to the logic on the basis of existing confirmation standards，These related posterior relationships mainly include Grams' "narrow backward"、Schultz's "related conclusion" and "part of the content" of Gims。

　Three basic factions of qualitative confirmation standards

pragmatic，The relevant interpretation and part of the concepts proposed in the second stage of the theory of qualitative confirmation theory are extremely inspiring，Therefore, it is widely used in many areas of analysis philosophy。but，Schultz and Jims and other hypotheses that deductists put the focus of work too much on the related limitations of logic，So I ignored the data、further discussion of possible interpretation relationships between theory and hypotheses。This situation was not broken until Springer was not broken，He consciously combined the theory of satisfaction with H-D，Change the concept of the long-term considers that the case confirmation of the case and the H-D is the concept of the two mutually exclusive theory。If the rationality of H-D is recognized as the rationality of the case, the rationality of the case is distinguished，So you can think of Springer bet365 live casino games as the "comprehensive faction" of qualitative confirmation theory; whether it is Humpel and Grammor, etc.、Grams、Schultz and Jims hypothesis performers，All will be regarded as a "single faction" for qualitative confirmation theory。It is worth mentioning is，Before Springer，Merrier proposed the confirmed criterion to use Humpel’s push conditions and prediction standards at the same time，But he believes that the relationship between the two is incompatible with，So you can see Merrill as the "middle school" of qualitative confirmation theory。

In short，To avoid related problems，Qualitative confirmation criteria not only undergone the transformation of the confirmation theoretical theory of "from a single faction to comprehensive faction"，It has also experienced the traditional confirmation theory of "compalation between evidence and hypothesis interpretation relationships to the related limitation of logic" to the external transformation of the theory to the content theory。

　(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Nanjing University、Contemporary Smart Philosophy and Human Future Research Center)