In the context of inductive defense，Constructing reasonable qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards is the core task of inductive logic。With the rise and prevalence of formal epistemology in the 21st century，bet365 tennis bet theory and related problems have once again become a hot topic in academic circles。Different from quantitative bet365 tennis bet standards such as the probability improvement principle and the high probability principle, which illustrate the evidential support relationship between data and hypotheses by comparing probability values，Qualitative bet365 tennis bet standard is to explain the evidential support relationship between data and hypothesis through the deductive relationship between data statement and hypothesis statement。Propose qualitative criteria that are sufficiently reasonable to illustrate the concept of proof，is the main goal of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory。

　　Two types of coherence problems in qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards

Overcoming the “coherence problem” has become the biggest motivation for improving bet365 tennis bet standards。These coherence problems can be mainly divided into two categories: (1) Syntactic coherence problems: If a certain data and a certain hypothesis are semantically (or factually) considered to have an evidential support relationship，However, statements expressing data and statements expressing hypotheses do not satisfy the logical syntactic relations required by the given bet365 tennis bet standard，Then it is said that the corroboration criterion faces a syntactic coherence problem，Mainly include “example bet365 tennis bet problem” and “super-evidence vocabulary problem” etc.；(2) Semantic coherence problem: If the statement expressing the data and the statement expressing the hypothesis satisfy the logical syntactic relationship required by the given bet365 tennis bet standard，But the corresponding data and hypothesis are semantically (or factually) considered to have no evidential support relationship，Then it is said that the corroboration standard faces a semantic (or factual) coherence problem，Mainly include "Suture Problem", "Christensen Counterexample" and "Crow Paradox" etc.。Among them，The suture problem should be subdivided into four types: hypothesis disjunction suture problem、Evidence disjunction suturing problem、Hypothesis conjunction suture problem and evidence conjunction suture problem。Overview of the development history of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory，bet365 tennis bet criteria characterizing binary bet365 tennis bet relations often face syntactic coherence problems，Although the bet365 tennis bet standard that characterizes the ternary bet365 tennis bet relationship can avoid the problem of syntactic coherence，But it will face the problem of semantic coherence。

　Two basic contents of qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards

Every qualitative bet365 tennis bet standard involves at least two parts: basic conditions and restrictive conditions: (1) The former is the basic requirement for the deductive relationship between data statements and hypothesis statements，Determine which type the standard belongs to；(2) The latter is proposed for basic conditions in order to avoid coherence problems。Since the basic conditions are always based on the explanation of deductive relationships based on specific successor concepts，So，Restrictions can be of two basic types: adding new deductive relationships，For example，On the basis of "the hypothesis to be tested is deduced from the data and background theory", it is further required that "the negation of the data and the background theory are deduced to be the negation of the hypothesis to be tested"；Propose the successor concept with coherence restrictions，In other words，Based on this successor concept，Data should no longer be allowed、The derivation relationship between theories and hypotheses satisfies the rules of classical logic such as additive laws。For example，Although "Newton's second law" derives "Newton's second law or the existence of a black crow"，But this derivation relationship satisfies the additional law，As a result, the conclusion contains elements such as "there is a black crow" that are irrelevant to the premise "Newton's Second Law"，So based on the concept of successor with coherence restrictions，"Newton's second law or the existence of a black crow" no longer confirms "Newton's second law" according to the "hypothesis-deduction" model (H-D)。

　　Three main types of qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards

From a formal point of view，Qualitative bet365 tennis bet criteria come in different types，There are mainly three divisions: (1) Generally，According to the hypothesis, whether it is on the left or right side of the derivation symbol，Qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards can be divided into two types: "case bet365 tennis bet" and H-D。(2) Simply，According to the explanation of whether there are other factors in the confirmed relationship besides data and hypothesis，Can be divided into binary bet365 tennis bet standard and ternary bet365 tennis bet standard。In order to solve the fundamental limitation of the super-evidence vocabulary problem faced by the binary bet365 tennis bet standard，Glanmore developed Hempel's "satisfaction criterion" into the "bootstrap condition"，Horwich develops Nagel’s “predictive criterion” into a ternary version。(3)Specially，According to whether it has some "overall" nature，Can be divided into boot strap pulling conditions and non-boot strap pulling conditions。The "overall" property mentioned here actually refers to the "bootstrap characteristic"，That is, the hypothesis to be tested can be used as part of a known theory，Usually marked as T:H。But except for the condition of removing boot straps，Most versions of H-D and the standard Bayesian interpretation reject this property。

　　Two main stages of development of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory

The two aspects of qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards have formed two main stages in the development of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory: the first stage began in the 1930s，The reason is，On the one hand, the reliability and completeness of first-order logic and other basic properties have been gradually proven，On the other hand, the appeal for scientific spirit, especially certainty，Logical empiricists try to give a purely logical semantics for the concept of bet365 tennis bet。The main feature of this stage is to achieve coherence by limiting the deductive relationship between data and hypotheses。For example，Hempel’s Satisfaction Criterion、Glenmore’s boot strap conditions and Nagel、Different versions of prediction standards proposed by Merrill, Horwich and others。The second phase began in the 1990s，The reason is，Glenmore not only declares that H-D is hopeless，Furthermore, the conditions for pulling out the boot strap are also in a dilemma that is difficult to solve。The main feature of this stage is to achieve coherence by limiting logical successors based on existing bet365 tennis bet standards，These coherent successor relations mainly include Grimes’ “narrow successor”、Schultz’s “Coherence Conclusion” and Jims’ “Part of the Content”。

　Three basic schools of qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards

Admittedly，The concepts of coherent deduction and partial content proposed in the second stage of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory are very enlightening，Thus it is widely used in many fields of analytical philosophy。But，Hypothetico-deductivists such as Schultz and Jims put too much emphasis on the coherence restrictions on logical successors，Thus ignoring the data、Further discussion on the possible deductive relationship between theory and hypothesis。This situation was not broken until Sprenger，He consciously synthesized Hempel's theory, the satisfaction criterion, and H-D，Changed the long-standing concept that case bet365 tennis bet and H-D are two mutually exclusive qualitative bet365 tennis bet theories。If the distinction is based on whether the rationality of case bet365 tennis bet and the rationality of H-D are recognized，Then Sprenger can be regarded as the "synthesis" of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory；Whether it is case bet365 tennis bet theorists such as Hempel and Granmore or Horwich、Grimes、Hypothetical deductivists such as Schultz and Jims，will be regarded as the "single school" of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory。It is worth mentioning，Before Sprenger，The bet365 tennis bet standard proposed by Merrill has already used both Hempel's derivation conditions and prediction standards，But he believes that the relationship between the two is incompatible and disjunctive，So Merrill can be regarded as the "centrist" of qualitative bet365 tennis bet theory。

In short，To avoid coherence problems，Qualitative bet365 tennis bet standards have not only experienced the transformation within the bet365 tennis bet theory of "from a single school to a comprehensive school"，Also experienced the external transformation from the traditional bet365 tennis bet theory to the content theory "from the coherence restriction on the deductive relationship between evidence and hypothesis to the coherence restriction on the logical successor"。

　(Author’s affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Nanjing University、Contemporary bet365 tennis bet Philosophy and Human Future Research Center)