Gail Hershatter is a very representative figure in the field of bet365 apuestas’s history research in the West。She traveled across mountains and rivers，Go deep into China’s big cities and small villages，With the unique insights of historians，Utilizing interdisciplinary research methods，Created a number of excellent works on the history of modern bet365 apuestas。At the same time, she also witnessed the research on bet365 apuestas’s history in the United States from scratch、The development process from fringe to mainstream。Recently，He Xiao shared her 25 years of research on the history of modern bet365 apuestas and her feelings with reporters。

　　The trip to bet365 apuestas that still has more to say

《China Social Sciences Journal》: How did you become associated with China，How to embark on the path of studying bet365 apuestas history？

He Xiao: My story with China is closely related to the development of relations between China and the United States。I first became interested in China when I was in middle school，I think everyone in that generation feels the same way，At that time, the outbreak of the Vietnam War made us understand some topics about Asia and China。When I was in college，It coincides with the launch of “ping pong diplomacy” between China and the United States、The then US President Richard Nixon visited China，It seems like you can see news reports and pictures about China everywhere in an instant，And what’s different from before is，These reports and pictures are mostly positive。It was also at that time that I started attending bet365 apuestas history and language classes。I went to China for the first time in 1975，In just three weeks，I visited Beijing and several cities in Northeast China，Feeling unsatisfied，I really want to stay in China。After returning to the United States，I started studying for my PhD at Stanford University，Finally went to Tianjin Nankai University to study and research after the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979。

Two years in Tianjin，I gained a lot。At that time, Deng Xiaoping proposed "emancipating the mind、Seek truth from facts”，I can also feel the active social atmosphere in Tianjin。Before going to Tianjin，I don’t know enough about some historical and political issues in China，Later through living and studying there，Communicate and integrate with the bet365 apuestas，I find that many problems have their own complexities，Cannot generalize。Two years in Nankai，I have met many “old third generation” college students，Their understanding of American history、I am very interested in world history。When I was in class，Students will ask me what Americans think of Washington、Lincoln and Roosevelt？But in the United States at that time，Students are not that interested in China。Perhaps because there were not many opportunities to understand at that time，So Americans don’t care much about the history of other countries，So I decided to teach students bet365 apuestas history and culture after returning to the United States，Let them know more about China。

My major is bet365 apuestas history，Also very interested in bet365 apuestas labor history and women’s issues。I checked a lot of old newspapers and materials in the library in Tianjin，Visited old workers’ families by bicycle，Later completed my first book "Tianjin Workers: 1900-1949"。There is a section in this book dedicated to Tianjin female workers。In the same era, the United States was also affected by the rise of the second wave of feminist movements，Women’s history has just emerged as a subject in universities。

　　Do the most down-to-earth bet365 apuestas

"China Social Sciences Journal": Your book "The Gender of Memory" has been widely praised，It uses the oral bet365 apuestas of rural women as primary material，Using an academic context to record the impact of rural social transformation on women’s lives。Why did you choose China’s rural women in the 1950s and 1960s as your research subjects？It is reported that you have been preparing this book for 15 years，Collecting a large number of oral materials from elderly rural women in Shaanxi Province，Visited more than 70 rural women，What feelings did those fieldwork give you？

He Xiao: Before starting to write this book，bet365 apuestas I follow，Whether it is an ordinary laborer or a prostitute，They are all women in the city，To China’s rural women，Whether it is before or after liberation，I don’t understand it at all。So I contacted and have been committed to safeguarding women’s rights、Gao Xiaoxian, a researcher at the Shaanxi Women’s Federation who promotes gender equality，Come with me to rural areas of Shaanxi to collect oral history materials，Hope to start from a female perspective，Exploring the impact of rural social transformation on women’s lives。

The investigation has been carried out intermittently for ten years，We visited several villages，The interviewed subjects are all women aged 65-75，Quite a few of them are no longer alive。Studying these elderly women in rural Shaanxi is very important for studying modern Chinese history，Especially the history of bet365 apuestas in the early days of China’s liberation is very important，Because they have memories of life before liberation，Another experience of life changes after liberation。If you don’t seize the time to grasp first-hand information，This part of history is likely to be lost in a few years。Young Chinese historians should also actively do “oral history”，Especially those old people who can’t write，“Oral narration” is the only way for them to witness history，These oral materials will become extremely precious historical materials in the future。

Most of the information I get from books and newspapers is national policies at the macro level，And these are far away from Beijing、Illiterate rural women can integrate macro policies into their daily lives，Give me the most down-to-earth information。For example，The "Great Leap Forward" period，Although they don’t understand what the “Great Leap Forward” is，But I think it’s good to have a canteen to eat，The bad thing is that their husbands have gone to participate in sports，They have to do housework、Taking care of children，I still have to work in the fields。Although it’s hard work，But they still think New China is good，At least you don’t have to worry，Living conditions are much more stable than before the founding of New China。When looking back on my life，Most of them are very proud，Think that you are “very capable”；But it also shows fatigue and grievance，Thinks that your child “cannot endure hardship”、“Ignorance”，I don’t understand their efforts。I recorded these women’s memories of the war years in the book、The struggle between the different customs of the old and new societies、Thoughts in revolution, etc.，By listening to their own stories，Exploring the deepest things in the hearts of bet365 apuestas。For example，After they lost their husbands，Willing to gain respect with the old society’s idea of ​​“one thing to the end”、Improve social status，Also willing to accept the idea of ​​gender equality，Let them who are engaged in labor also gain respect。

In order to make the content more expressive，I try to write directly in their language。These women usually have no one to talk to，So I am very willing to answer our questions。Unfortunately，Although I know bet365 apuestas，But I don’t understand the dialect，I still don’t fully understand what they mean。

《bet365 apuestas Social Sciences Journal》: Research on women’s history is often interdisciplinary，What do you think of this feature？

He Xiao: The interdisciplinary characteristics of women’s bet365 apuestas research are only good for me。For example, "The Gender of Memory" brings together knowledge from many disciplines，The people we interviewed are not lifeless exhibits in a museum，But a living object，So we need to use a lot of bet365 apuestas、Knowledge and research methods of anthropology and psychology。I am also very happy to "steal" different analytical tools from other disciplines，Let me not limit myself to the profession of historian。

"China Social Sciences Journal": Your book "Dangerous Pleasure" has been translated into bet365 apuestas，This book benefits from the rich theoretical exploration in the second half of the 20th century，Connecting the seemingly ordinary "prostitute" issue with national consciousness、Political power relations、Business and financial interests、Social Reform、National Psychology、Gender structure and other core issues are linked together。Please tell us about the creation of this book。

He Xiao: When I was doing research in Tianjin，The discussion in society about female roles, especially "iron girls", is lively and rich。A colleague from Stanford University, Emily Honig, and I collected a large amount of "Tianjin Daily"、Articles from "Wenhui Po" and other media，See how Chinese people discuss women’s issues。Later, they co-wrote the book "Personal Voices: bet365 apuestas in the 1980s"。While I was collecting information for the later publication "Tianjin Workers: 1900-1949"，Data found showing early 1930s，There are more female workers in Tianjin who are engaged in prostitution than in other industries。But few scholars pay attention to this issue，Some scholars don’t even understand it，I don’t think this is a historical issue。But I still think that since there is a lot of data，This proves that it is a very important part of the modern history of bet365 apuestas。And the prostitution industry，Unlike other industries that have their own historical records。I thought of many ways when collecting information，When looking through old newspapers, I never miss some tabloid columns。In addition, the government’s regulations and policies at that time、Memories and articles by people who have been in the prostitution industry are my resources。"Dangerous Pleasure" is very thick，The time span extends from the late Qing Dynasty to the early 1990s。Later it turned out，This topic has always existed，Now more and more scholars are beginning to pay attention to this social issue。

　Research on bet365 apuestas’s History: Everyone is knowledgeable

《China Social Sciences Journal》: Why do you think the study of modern bet365 apuestas is very important in the study of modern Chinese history？

He Xiao: I always think that when teaching students modern Chinese history，It is impossible to avoid modern women’s history。bet365 apuestas’s issues and politics at that time in the 20th century、Social and cultural change are closely linked。With the Reform Movement of 1898、The May Fourth Movement as an example，Can the status of women be improved，In fact, it has become an important criterion for measuring the progress of previous changes in China’s modern history。

Since the end of the 19th century，bet365 apuestas intellectuals began to actively think about women’s issues when thinking about China’s future。Liang Qichao once actively promoted women’s education，Considering "establishing girls' schools" as one of the symbols of reform and strengthening，Proposing that women’s self-sufficiency can help change the country’s poverty and weakness。Later, some elite intellectual women went to Japan to study，After returning to China, I brought back advanced ideas。

In fact， Early 20th century，In China and many other countries and regions，Social theorists all believe that it depends on whether a country is civilized、Progress and enlightenment，You can observe the status of women in this country。China has long recognized the importance of improving the status of women，Hold high the banner of "women's liberation"，Protect women’s rights through a series of laws，Improve the status of women。Open the newspapers of that period、Magazines and various historical materials，You will find out about women’s clothing、Marriage、There are many in education and other fields。Today，When we study China in the 20th century，How events such as the one that led to the fall of a dynasty affected women？How Chinese thinkers studied the status of women to illustrate the need for social and cultural change？What contribution did bet365 apuestas make to the revolution and many other issues still have very important research value。

"China Social Sciences Journal": Academic development must be rooted in the soil of academic history。Your book "bet365 apuestas in the Long 20th Century" is such an academic history work，Some scholars call it "a guide to understanding bet365 apuestas in the 20th century"。This book is based on 650 works in the English-speaking world on women in mainland China in the 20th century，Divided into three topics - "Women and Marriage、Family and Sexuality and Gender Differences”、“Women and Labor”、Review on "Women and the Modernity of the State"。Can you tell me about this book？

He Xiao: The editor of the Journal of Asian Studies once asked me if I would be willing to sort out English-language works on bet365 apuestas in the 20th century，Let other scholars read my article，Establish a clearer and intuitive understanding of this field。When I started preparing materials，Found a lot of resources，Collected more than 500 books and articles in a short period of time。Also，The West has been studying bet365 apuestas for 30 years，The achievements of these 30 years cannot be explained clearly in an academic article，At least it should be a book。The study of China is no longer limited to Sinology and regional studies，Women’s studies have also been greatly enriched。Since the mid-1980s，Research on bet365 apuestas is developing rapidly，This emerging field also starts from history、Anthropology、Sociology、Drawing inspiration and research methods from literature and many other disciplines。

In the United States、Europe，Studying ancient Chinese history、The achievements of modern history are very rich，But little is known about bet365 apuestas。Speaking of women in Chinese history，Are there only people like Wu Zetian and Cixi?？Over the past few decades，Gender issues have attracted some of the most talented scholars in this field in China，Their research is in an academic perspective、There are fruitful results in explanations and descriptive details。I try to show readers the most profound academic accumulation in this research field，Also point out those fragmented and rarely studied studies，Hope to pass the 650 works cited in "bet365 apuestas in the Long 20th Century"，Shows that the study of bet365 apuestas’s history is a research field with extraordinary productivity。

《China Social Sciences Journal》: What do you think of local women’s studies in China？What kind of development has the study of bet365 apuestas’s history in the United States experienced?？

He Xiao: early 1990s，I attended a conference on bet365 apuestas’s studies held at Harvard University，I was deeply impressed by the presence of several Chinese scholars。Although we have different cultural backgrounds，But the research field is the same，Discuss work with each other、Exchange ideas，Very interesting。Since then，There are more and more exchanges between Chinese and American scholars in this field。The Chinese government has always attached great importance to women’s issues and women’s research。1995，The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women was held in China。In the early 1990s, a number of women’s research centers were established in various universities and research institutions in China，And maintain close contact with women’s research institutions and scholars in various countries and regions around the world。Ancient bet365 apuestas’s literature、Issues such as the living conditions of contemporary female migrant workers in China once became sociology、Research hot spots in literature and other disciplines，I also hope that one day the study of women’s history will attract greater attention and resonance in China。

1970s，Due to the rise of the human rights movement in the United States、The influence of the feminist movement，China studies researchers in North America have gradually begun to pay attention to exploring women’s themes in Chinese history。When I started getting into this field，There are not many references available，About ten books。Our group of “pioneers” come from different disciplines，Ages are also different，But they all experienced the research on bet365 apuestas’s history from scratch in the United States、Every stage of continuous development。1990s，The study of bet365 apuestas’s history in the United States has entered an independent and mature stage，Since the mid-1990s, it has become increasingly diverse。