In the development process of modern countries，Institutional construction is often regarded as a direct manifestation of social progress，Social development also depends on the effective shaping of institutions。The study of institutional history has always been an important part of the academic research field。Li Fei’s new book "Market、Ideas and the State: The Formation of the bet365 best casino games System in Modern China (1840-1934)" (Science Press 2021 Edition)，Systematic discussion of China’s transformation from a traditional dynasty to a modern country，The process of how the bet365 best casino games system, one of the national governance systems, came into being and was established。Complete book through archives、Newspapers、Collection、Diary、Manuscript、chronology、Collation and comparison of various types of materials such as meeting minutes，Through the gradual unfolding of different historical periods，Clearly outlines the development context and characteristics of the times in modern China’s bet365 best casino games concepts and systems。

Our research on the modern bet365 best casino games system，Accustomed to discuss from the linear "development" perspective of the evolution of the system itself，Focuses more on the interpretation of institutional texts and the flow of “objects” that are the objects of institutional operation，But how to establish the system、Implementation and the “people” perspective behind it are often not given enough attention。The book is not only concerned with institutions as “results”，At the same time, we pay more attention to the "process" that occurred in the historical situation。Such a research strategy also means viewing social facts as dynamic、Flowing，not static。Only in the dynamic historical process，The complex relationship between different factors within things，Various changes that things may take place in different situations，And some important characteristics of the thing itself，It may be gradually revealed。

Behind the system is conceptual behavior，Behind the concept，There are different social groups or individuals standing。It is in the historical activities and interrelationships of people，The laws and regulations become more alive。The author thinks，“A cultural relics market with a long history and mature operation、The tradition of collecting cultural relics and the concept of cultural relics with complex and diverse connotations、The emerging nation-state bet365 best casino games functions and emphasis on reliable sources、Buried among modern disciplines with sufficient information，Conflicts and adjustments occurred in the process of modern transformation。Governments at all levels、Expert Group、Folk collector、Antique merchants and even foreign powers rely on their own knowledge and concepts，Play games for different purposes，Thus promoting the formation and operation of the bet365 best casino games system”。The whole book seems to be told in a straightforward manner according to the times，But read carefully，The unfolding of each chapter is like a wonderful dramatic transition，Each character has a distinct “personality”，Various forces gradually "appear"。Among them，There are three powers that impressed the author。

The first force is the cultural relics market。This book takes the international integration of China’s traditional cultural relics market in the late Qing Dynasty as the logical starting point for the creation of the bet365 best casino games system。The process of cultural relics being lost overseas and the transformation of the concept of antiquities、The rise of awareness of bet365 best casino games is two intertwined historical clues。The modern bet365 best casino games system sprouted and developed from the changes between the two。The author’s razor-sharp discussion also reveals the more complex and diverse historical context and subject behaviors behind “market power”。When we discuss the history of early cultural relic conservation and museum history，It is often easy to fall into the inertial thinking of moral criticism of imperialist aggression and plunder，The relevant content of this book also supplements the previous research perspectives to some extent。

The second force is the group of scholars and intellectuals。Epigraphy scholars from the late Qing Dynasty、The quintessence of Chinese nationalism was sent to the Chinese Studies Department of Peking University in the 1920s and 1930s、Academia Sinica，From the textual research of classics and history and appreciation of taste，To Art、Concepts such as craftsmanship，As for the modern view of historical data and the view of archaeological situation, etc.，Different characters and intellectual concepts in different historical periods have given new value and meaning to ancient objects，And influence each other。This study clearly identifies the role of expert groups in the formation of national institutions。The knowledge system and value orientation bet365 best casino games expert group are accepted by the public and the government，This also reflects a generation mechanism of industry discourse。

The third force is government agencies。The author reveals that the antiquities preservation function has been under the dual management bet365 best casino games Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Education since the early Republic of China，This dual-line governance system continued until the period bet365 best casino games Nanjing National Government。A large number of government documents cited by the author，Seems boring and cumbersome，In fact, there is a hidden secret。“Country” does not exist abstractly as a unity of power within specific spatial boundaries，There are also powers between different departments and agents、Differentiation of interests and values。If you do not explore the characteristics bet365 best casino games institution and the main factors behind the system，Then the study of institutional texts can easily become a purely technical discussion of poetics，Does not have political significance。

The whole book vividly demonstrates the social relations represented by the above three group forces through detailed bet365 best casino games materials、Interaction between knowledge and practice，Exhibiting the "tension" between various relationships and institutional shaping。This kind of detailed bet365 best casino games data collection is not fragmented，But step by step，Showing the value of bet365 best casino games integrity。

First，This kind of integrity is manifested by focusing on relatively long periods of time、Cumulative Knowledge History Discussion。This may be an inevitable result of focusing on process writing，In the era of intertwined Chinese local knowledge and foreign ideas，The concept of bet365 best casino games relic protection cannot arise out of thin air，Rather, we have faced the process of “Sinicization” from the beginning。

Secondly，This integrity is also reflected in the overall observation bet365 best casino games basic trends of China’s modern historical development。The author puts forward in the conclusion，The evolution of concepts around antiquities reflects "the nationalism of modern China was transformed from diplomacy、Economy and then culture、The evolution trend of academics”，Allows us to rethink the practical logic bet365 best casino games “impact and response” paradigm。Modern China from politics to society、Live to the state of mind、Thought to academic，Various factors and clues form multiple levels of intertwining and entanglement，But the "polyphony" of historical expressions also breeds "harmony": the value and significance of antiquities to the country are increasingly emerging，Use the power bet365 best casino games country to preserve antiquities，Gradually becoming a consensus among scholars and government officials，And implement it into museums, libraries and other social public institutions and carriers of laws and regulations，Reflects the general trend of historical development。

Finally，The formation process of this kind of entity system，It can also be regarded as the structuring process of relevant knowledge and the generation process of social operating mechanisms。From system sorting to mechanism insight，It helps to grasp the mechanism of social situation changes behind the construction of specific institutions，A deeper understanding of the structural context of the development of my country’s bet365 best casino games system。This is a guide for understanding the modern Chinese state and society、The deductive relationship between knowledge and power also provides a clear footnote。

When we turn our attention to the generation process of the bet365 best casino games system，It will inevitably involve social history、Related content on intellectual history，This requires a wider range of historical data crawling and the "heat" and "measurement" of processing historical data，Because of the construction of a "bridge" between the macro context and the relatively diffuse micro historical facts，It is inevitable to face the risk of subjective conjecture。In this regard，Strive to “naturally present the context of historical events in the process of sorting out historical materials”，It is the distinctive writing feature of this book。Based on careful research，The author is extremely cautious in making judgments about relevant historical facts，But decisive。The book contains a large amount of historical material research and analysis of historical facts，Corrected the one-dimensional simplified cognition of many predecessors and the over-interpretation of "using the present to judge the past"，For example, the "Measures for the Protection and Promotion of Monuments" were not issued due to the loss of Dunhuang documents，The formulation of the "Antiquities Preservation Law" was not based on the game between the state and local governments。This kind of detailed examination is very valuable，Because this not only helps clarify historical facts，It is also related to the overall framework and epistemological trend of relevant historical evolution。

Writing the history of cultural relics museums in the traditional sense，Compared to the new museology movement and practical research under the influence of British and American museology，Almost became a forgotten "tasteless"。The reasons are complicated，However, the research paradigm and methodology of the history of cultural relics and museums need to be updated urgently，Undoubtedly one of the important reasons。If the discussion of "history" only focuses on the evolutionary development history of systems and institutions，Use today’s “common sense” to anchor the starting point，Then the current situation of "valuing the present over the past" is inevitable；But if we look at it from the perspective of epistemology and the genetics of social mechanisms，Then the discussion of the history of cultural relics museums has great sociological significance and practical value。The narrative of “process-event” and the narrative of “structure-system”，It is not a completely different relationship but a nested relationship。From the book，We can not only see the vertical development context and characteristics of bet365 best casino games concepts and practices in different historical periods，At the same time, we can also see from a cross-section of history the subject relationships and thinking structures that are still deeply influential today，For example, the market、Discipline Power、Interaction of administrative systems，A superimposed combination of local traditions and Western disciplines，Multiple layers and differentiation of public characteristics of cultural relics museums。

From the transformation of ideological culture and social mechanism for more than a hundred years，We can always find common ground with issues related to today’s times。Reviewing the past is beneficial to learning new things，Today, with the rapid development of bet365 best casino games and museum undertakings，We really need to do more of this kind of looking back at where we came from。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of Chinese History, Chinese Academy of bet365 best casino games Sciences、School of History, University of Chinese Academy of bet365 best casino games Sciences)