Aristotle in "Nicomachean Ethics" (hereinafter referred to as "Ethics"，Liao Shenbai translation，Commercial Press 2003 Edition。The last chapter of the last volume of 2057_2077，That is, the end of the book "Ethics"，Talked about "legislation"。This section is the summary of Volume 10，It is also the summary of the entire book "Ethics"。Volume 10 mainly talks about two issues: nj bet365 and nj bet365。Aristotle believes，nj bet365 hinders true nj bet365 to a great extent。So，Legislation restricting nj bet365，It is the most important means to help people obtain true nj bet365。

In addition，Let’s talk about it at the beginning of the book “Ethics”，Ethics studies the good，"It is indeed gratifying for a man to obtain such goodness，It is more noble to obtain this kind of good for a city、Holier" (page 6)。The goodness of the city-state，It is the highest good or the highest good。“Political science makes laws about what nj bet365 should and shouldn’t do” (page 6)，Its purpose includes the purpose of ethics，That’s why the study of good in ethics can be said to be the prelude to political science。Aristotle returns to political issues again at the end of the last book of Ethics，To echo the issues discussed at the beginning of "Ethics"，That is, the entire "Ethics" is actually just the beginning of the study of political science。Now，He is about to start studying the most important issue of the highest good，The knowledge of studying this most important issue，called political science，And the study of political science，The main thing is to study legislation，“Legislation” then becomes prominent。

Aristotle said，The reason why legislation is needed，Because of merely "contemplating" and "knowing" what virtue is、Happiness、Happiness and waiting are not enough，Not yet “completion” and “realization”，Must “practice what is gained and known through contemplation”，So that people “can be good people in some way” (page 312)。In this sense，"Ethics" only completes the "understanding" of virtue and happiness，Still theoretical thinking。To turn knowledge into practice，We must study further implementation "means"，The most important means of this is legislation。Aristotle elaborates on this point，The study of "Ethics" is "teaching" virtue、Happiness、Happiness, etc.。"Teaching" is necessary for implementation，But “logos” (verbal teaching) alone is not enough，Because only those who are willing to listen to this kind of lecture are "those with excellent moral character、Youth who loves right behavior” (page 312)。Most people themselves do not have the ability to pursue virtue and noble things，Because "most people only know fear and do not care about honor，They don’t do bad things not out of shame，But because of fear of punishment” (page 312)。Based on this understanding，Aristotle said it，Lectures and persuasion are useless to most people，Penalties must be legislated to force them to live in a moderation、A patient nj bet365，That is, a virtuous nj bet365。

Plato also emphasized several times in "The Laws" that the only goal of nj bet365 is virtue-the core of which is reason、Temperance、Justice、Four Cardinal Virtues of Bravery。"We said，Everything related to our law should always focus on the same thing，We must agree，It can be said very correctly，That is virtue” (963a)。So，nj bet365 according to Aristotle，The purpose is the same as that of his master。

The reason why we need to pass legislation to develop virtue，Because in Aristotle’s opinion，Only a nj bet365 in line with virtue is a good nj bet365。When talking about "goodness" in the first volume of "Ethics"，Aristotle said，There are three kinds of nj bet365，A nj bet365 of enjoyment、The political nj bet365 and the contemplative nj bet365。What most people have thought about、actually pursued，It’s all the first nj bet365。“Most people or average people equate happiness with goodness or happiness”，“So they like to live a hedonistic nj bet365” (page 11)。Those who want to live the second nj bet365, that is, political nj bet365, want to gain honor through political nj bet365，This kind of people seems to be only a minority，They are willing to listen to the teachings of the wise，Seeking honor from wise men。Such people believe that honor is happiness，Just like the first type of people who think that enjoyment is happiness。For those who want to live a political nj bet365 in search of honor，According to Aristotle，What they want most is to gain honor for their virtue，So in essence，Those who live a political nj bet365 actually pursue “virtue” (page 12)。“A virtuous nj bet365” is a happy nj bet365，But，Because of the virtue that politicians pursue that is “conforming to virtue”，Not the highest virtue，So their nj bet365 is still not the happiest nj bet365 or a nj bet365 with complete happiness。Only the third kind of nj bet365, the nj bet365 of contemplation, is the truly happy nj bet365，There are very few people who can live such a contemplative nj bet365。“This is a better nj bet365 than human nj bet365”，A nj bet365 close to God，Man relies on the divine things in himself，In order to live this kind of nj bet365。

Among these three lifestyles，The nj bet365 of the contemplative is a nj bet365 consistent with the highest virtue，Although there is joy in contemplation，But this kind of happiness will never make people corrupt。In this sense，Contemplating the idea of ​​nj bet365 is not the main point of Aristotle’s Ethics，Because after all, only a handful of people can live this kind of nj bet365；Especially，People who can live this kind of nj bet365 do not need the coercion of the law，Because they can control their emotions with reason，Unlike most people who only pursue happiness according to their own emotional tendencies。In Aristotle’s view, political people actually want to gain honor through virtue，So this kind of nj bet365 will at least be free of "base pleasures"。

In fact, neither of these two types of nj bet365 are compulsory by Aristotle’s legislation、Guided object，Opposite，They may also be potential legislators。Therefore，Legislative activities as the core of political science，Aimed at most nj bet365。For most nj bet365，“Moral behavior” is not produced through introspection，It is precisely through coercion、Education can only achieve this。Legislative skills are the same as medical skills，They all have the function of healing - treatment cannot make nj bet365 happy，Experiencing pain is often the only way to be cured。

And most people，Those who want to live a hedonistic nj bet365，They are the targets of legislation。Because hedonistic nj bet365 is actually an "animal nj bet365" in Aristotle's view，Never a truly happy nj bet365 or a good nj bet365。Happiness is not happiness，Not good either，Happiness and kindness include happiness，But “not all pleasures are worth the desire”。Some pleasures are “base pleasures”，“Happy only to those who have fallen” (page 302)。When most people’s minds are clouded by the pursuit of happiness，When you don’t know what a good and virtuous nj bet365 is，We must legislate to make them tend to virtue out of fear of punishment，Pursue a noble and beautiful nj bet365。“Bad people always pursue happiness，Should be punished with pain，It’s like putting a heavy burden on an animal”。

Modern legal philosopher Bentham aspires to become the Martin Luther of the legal world，And create a subversive revolution in legislative thinking。His Theory of Legislation begins directly with a meditation on pleasure and pain，He meditated on pleasure and pain with more detail and precision than any previous thinker、Virtue and Vice。But，The direction of Bentham’s meditation is completely opposite to that of Aristotle。Bentham said in "Legislative Theory"，“We don’t need to ask Plato，No need to consult Aristotle。Pain and nj bet365 are everyone - the farmer and the prince，Illiterates and Philosophers—Feeling Pain and Pleasure”。

If Aristotle also recognized some noble pleasures，Bentham directly leveled all kinds of happiness here - there is no longer any distinction between happiness and happiness。“The reason why a person who believes in the principle of utilitarian respects virtue as a kind of good，Only the happiness brought by virtue..."；"If an adherent of the principle of utility sees，In the general catalog of virtues，There is such a behavior，It produces more pain than pleasure，Then he will not hesitate to call this so-called virtue evil”。Goodness is happiness，Evil is pain，No more restrictions。The tasks of legislators、Purpose of legislation，It is not about controlling happiness to develop virtue，Quite the opposite，Bentham believed that all kinds of happiness should be promoted，Carry forward all kinds of happiness，Because happiness itself is a virtue。In Bentham’s view，Let people、Let the greatest number of people get the greatest amount of happiness，It should be the fundamental purpose of legislation。The concept of a good nj bet365 was completely overturned by Bentham - a happy nj bet365 is a good nj bet365。The reason why virtue is good，Because it can bring happiness，Not because Aristotle said that people can live like gods。

Modern Western democratic legislation basically follows Bentham’s teachings，With happiness as the purpose，And the purpose is to bring happiness to the greatest number of people。In legislation，The will and passions of the people became reason and prudence，Reason no longer limits passion，Reason serves passion—this is what modern men like Bentham wanted to pursue through legislation、Guaranteed “Best nj bet365”。Aristotle diligently laid the foundation for politics with ethics，Using political science to improve ethics，Connecting ethics and politics with legislation，Many people in later generations will follow this example。I don’t want things to be unpredictable，The great philosopher regulates happiness through legislation、The good wish to cultivate people’s morality，More than two thousand years later，Unexpectedly, Bentham, the descendant of Epicurus, disappeared into thin air。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of Law, China University of Political Science and Law)