Aristotle in "Niger Marco Ethics" (hereinafter referred to as "Ethics"，Liao Shenbai Translation，Business Press 2003 edition。Only Note Page Code) The last section of the Volume (Volume 10, Section 9)，The end of the book of Ethics，Talking about "Legislativeology"。This section is the summary of the tenth volume，It is also the summary of the book of Ethics。Volume 10 mainly talks about two problems: happiness and happiness。Aristotle thinks，Happiness will largely hinder real happiness。So，Legislative restrictions，is the most important means to help people get true happiness。

Another，"Ethics" The whole book talks at the beginning，Ethics research is good，"Get this kind of kindness and joy for a person，Get this kind of good for a city -state is more noble、More sacred "(page 6)。Goodness of the city -state，It is the highest good or perfection。"Politics formulates what people should do and what should not do" (page 6)，Its purpose contains the purpose of ethics，So the research of ethics to good can be said to be the preface of political science。Aristotle returns to political science issues again at the end of the ethics，To echo the problems mentioned by Ethics at the beginning，That is, a whole "Ethics" is actually just the beginning of political research。Now，He wants to start studying the most important problem of the best，Study the learning of this most Bet365 app download significant problem，Call of Political Science，Research on Political Science，Mainly studying legislation，"Legislativeology", so highlights it。

Aristotle said，The reason why legislation needs to be legislative，It is because only "contemplation" and "know" what is morality、Happiness、Happiness, etc. Not enough，Not "complete" and "implementation"，You must go to "Practice and Thoughts and Know"，This way people "can become a good person in some way" (p. 312)。In this sense，"Ethics" just completed the "recognition" about virtue and happiness，Still belonging to theoretical thinking。To turn understanding into practice，It is necessary to study further "means"，The most important thing for this means is legislation。Aristotle talked about this，Ethics The study is "teaching" morality、Happiness、Happy, etc.。"Teaching" is necessary for implementation，But only "Logos" (speech teaching) is not good，Because it is willing to listen to this kind of teachings, "Those and morality、Youth who loves the right behavior "(page 312)。Most people do not have the ability to pursue good virtues and noble things，Because "Most people only know fear and disregard the honor，They don’t do bad things out of shame，but because of fear of punishment "(p. 312)。Based on this understanding，Aristotle said，The persuasion of teaching is useless for most people，Punishment must be established by legislation to force them to have a restraint、Patient life，That is, a life that is based on morality。

Plato has also emphasized the only goal of legislation Bet365 app download in "Dharma" to virtue -its core is reason、Stocking、Justice、Brave Four Hosh。"We said，Everything related to our law should always focus on the same thing，We must agree，It can be said very correctly，That is virtue "(963A)。So，Legislative Legislature said，Its purpose is inherited from its teacher。

The reason why you want to develop virtue through legislation，It is because of Aristotle's view，Only life that is in virtue is a wonderful life。When talking about "Good" in the first volume of Ethics，Aristotle said，There are three kinds of life，That is the life of enjoyment、Political life and contemplative life。Most people have thought about、Actually pursuing，All kinds of life。"Most people or ordinary people equate happiness with good or happiness"，"So they like to live a happy life" (page 11)。Those who want to live the second kind of life, that is, political life, want to gain honor through political life，This kind of person seems to be just a minority，They are willing to obey the teaching of the wise person，Seek honor from those with wisdom。People think that honor is happiness，Just like the first person thinks that helling is happiness。Those who want to live a political life to seek honor，According to Aristotle's view，What they want most is to get honor because of virtue，Therefore, in essence，The pursuit of political life is actually "virtue" (page 12)。"Life in Morality" is a happy life，but，The virtue of "harmony" due to the pursuit of politicians，Not the highest morality，Therefore, their lives Bet365 app download are still not the happiest life or a full and happy life。Only the third kind of life is contemplative life is a truly happy life，and there are few people who can live this kind of contemplative life。"This is a better life than a person's life"，Close to God's Life，People are deity in his own，can I live this kind of life。

In these three lifestyles，The life of the contempt is the highest virtue life，Although there is happiness in contemplation，But this kind of happiness will never make people fall。In this sense，The concept of contemplation of life is not the main purpose of Aristotle's "Ethics"，Because only a few people can live this kind of life after all; especially，People who can live this kind of life do not need to be compulsory from law，Because they can control their feelings with rationality，instead of pursuing happiness with the feelings like most people。Politicians actually want to gain honor through virtue，Therefore, this life will at least get rid of "humble happiness"。

Both of these people are actually not forced by Aristotle's legislation、Guided objects，On the contrary，They may be a potential legislator。Therefore，Legislative activities as the core of political science，Aimed at most people。For most people，"Acts for Morality" is not generated by self -made，It is precisely through compulsory、Education can be achieved。Legislative skills are the same as medical skills，All have the function of treatment -treatment cannot be achieved in happiness，Undertiated pain often has curative effect。

And most people，It is Bet365 app download those who want to enjoy life，They are the object of legislative direction。Because the life of enjoyment is actually a "animal -like life"，It is by no means a real happy life or a good life。Happiness is not happiness，Not good，Happiness and Shan Li contain happiness，But "Not all happiness deserves desire"。Some happiness is "humble happiness"，"It's just happy for those who have fallen" (page 302)。When most people are turbid because of their pursuit of happiness，I don’t know what is a beautiful life that is in virtue，It is necessary to legislate to make them morality because of fear of punishment，Pursue noble and beautiful life。"The bad guys always pursue happiness，It should be punished with pain，Just like adding heavy burdens to livestock "。

Modern French philosopher Bian Qinzhi is Martin Luther in the Law world，Delivery in legislative ideas for a subversive revolution。His book of "Legislative Theory" starts directly from contemplation and pain，His thinner and painfulness is more detailed and accurate than all previous thinkers、virtue and evil。but，The meditation direction of Bian Qin is completely back with Aristotle's direction。Bian Qin said in "Legislative Theory"，"We don't need to ask Plato，No need to consult Aristotle。Pain and happiness is everyone -farmers and princes，illiterate and philosopher -the pain and happiness you feel "。

If Aristotle also admits some noble happiness，Bian Qin directly flattened all kinds of happiness -happiness no longer has a high level。"The reason why a person who believes bet365 Play online games in the principle of utilitarianism is a kind of good，It's just based on the happiness brought by virtue ... ";" If a supporter of the utilitarian principle see，In the general directory of virtue，There is such a behavior，It does not produce more happiness but pain，Then he will not hesitate to call this so -called virtue "evil"。Good is happy，Evil is pain，No more restrictions。The task of the legislators、Purpose of legislation，Not controlled and happy to develop virtue，Just the opposite，Bian Qin believes that it should be promoting a variety of happiness，Make forward all kinds of happiness，Because happiness itself is virtue。In Bianqin's view，Let people、Let the maximum people get the maximum number of happiness，It should be the fundamental purpose of legislation。The concept of a good life has completely subverted Bian Qin -happy life is a beautiful life。The reason why virtue is good，It is because it can bring happiness，instead of being able to make people live like God as God said。

Modern Western democratic legislation basically follows the teaching of Bian Qin，For the purpose of happiness，And the purpose of the maximum number of people and the maximum number of happiness。In legislation，The wishes of the public (Will) and Passions have become reasonable，Reason no longer limit passion，Smart service for passion -This is modern people like Bian Qin want to pursue through legislation、The "best life" of the guarantee。Aristotle's Zizi 矻矻，Improve ethics with politics，Connect ethics and political science with legislative，Later bet365 live casino games generations also obey it。I don’t want to be unpredictable for the world，Dazhe happy with legislative regulations、Breeding the people's virtuous wishes，More than 2,000 years later，The descendants of the future generations of Yibuyu disappeared and disappeared。

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