Since ancient times，"Nature" is a major topic in Chinese literary works，"View of Natural" reflects the unique temperament of traditional Chinese people，It also contains the inherent characteristics of the clear Chinese civilization。Whether it is a landscape poem、Yongwu Poems，Still pastoral poem、Border Poetry，All carried the sincere and simple natural view of the Chinese。"Wise Music Water，Benevolent Leshan "，In the poems and songs circulating in later generations，generations of generations of Chinese people express themselves in their unique way、Explore the World。

Recent，Experts of Chinese Cultural History、Wolfgang Kubin, a lifelong professor at Bonn University in Germany, accepted an exclusive interview with our reporter，Talk to reporters about his views on the view of natural Chinese literati in long -term research。Gu Bin is known as the Thai Dou of Chinese literature and cultural research in Europe，Many awards and titles such as the "Chinese Government Friendship Award" and "Foreign Teacher Chinese Character"。Now，For more than ancient years, he still diligently dedicated to the research of traditional Chinese culture。Gu Bin thinks，The development of human civilization is always closely related to nature，The development of Chinese civilization is the same。Since the Zhou Dynasty，A large number of traditional natural views presented in Chinese literary works，Social production、Historical conditions are closely connected with national development，With the changes in the dynasties, it changes，Map the evolution context and development trajectory of Chinese civilization。As an observer of nature，Chinese literati expressed cognition in nature、Intervention in emotion，Subjectiveization of nature、Personalization，Taking the scene as a tool for thought，Realized what I saw、Unified and thoughts I feel and think。

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"China Social Sciences": You think in previous research，Naturally, it is the common topic of Chinese and Western literary works，But the two are very different about the presentation and expression of nature。How do you understand these differences?

Gu Bin:Indeed，Whether it is Europe or China，There are traditions depicted naturally in literature and painting works，But，The disclosure of nature for the two，However, there are obvious historical and cultural differences，and have their own different origins。In the 17th century Dutch painting，Naturally, the landscape that the Westerners can be independent for the first time can be perceived by humans，and the rapid development of Western capitalism and industrial society in the 18th century，Naturally as a literary work theme, it really appears in the lyric poems in Europe，Types that are taken away by the citizen class as escaping the downtown and opposing social restrictions。Before that，Although there are natural intervention in art works in Western countries，But naturally just play a trivial contrast function，It is not an external reality that can be recognized alone，Cultural carrier of non -human subjective consciousness。

Contrary to this，In China，As early as in the literary works of the Zhou Dynasty，Naturally, as a kind of perceived concept that is independent of human beings, it has been initially generated，This concept has been further developed in the Han Dynasty。To the Six Dynasties，The bet365 Play online games natural consciousness of Chinese literati is literary、Painting works and garden art are generally reflected。In the Tang Dynasty，The development of the natural concept of traditional Chinese literati reached the peak，This period provides examples for the expression of nature from Song to the Qing Dynasty literati in the later period of the Chinese literati。Over the years，Through long -term research on Chinese literature，I have a basic point of view: in Chinese classical literary works that have been in the West for more than a thousand years，The perfect reveal of the concept of natural concept。

Compared with the West，"Natural" the term has a richer connotation in traditional Chinese society，It does not just refer to the phenomenon of "organic (organic) and non -organism (inorganic) in Latin、All the existence or development of non -man -made，That is the material of various forms "，or "Plants in a certain area、Animals、Water flow、The sum of the rocks, etc.。Nature represents an external world except itself，A kind of power in the universe that can play a role in all things，Lao Tzu "Land Land，Earth Fatian，Taoist Tao，Dao Law Nature "is the typical representative of the early Chinese literati view of nature。In China，People regard scenery as a true and independent individual，and consciously explore、Grasp its beauty。

In Western Literature，The description of nature did not have the characteristics of the rhetoric until the 18th century; and as early as the Zhou Dynasty，The description of nature in Chinese literature has been quite rich、Gorgeous rhetoric。In the early Western society，The description of nature may not be based on the eyes of writers，Material sources are mostly "legendary nature"，This means that the early Western literati pen is naturally a kind of farming from agricultural farming、Nature that is separated from social production。In the early Chinese society，The evolution of the view of nature and agricultural labor、Social production and development and change of specific dynasties are closely related。

It can be said，bet365 Play online games natural consciousness as a presence of self -awareness，The exposure and expression in Chinese classical literature is far deeper than Western works，Natural view not only constitutes the material foundation of traditional Chinese literati itself，It also constitutes the spiritual pillar of its literary creation，represents a sustenance that penetrates the relationship between reality and emotion。In some Western countries，Due to incomplete literary research methods，Many scholars use the research path of Western literature for research paths for Chinese literature，The result produced some understanding bias。For example，Compared with Chinese Tang poetry with Western romantic poetry。1976，In a paper，I pointed out the absurdity of the above understanding。At the same time，In the book "Nature of Chinese Scholars"，I also corrected the bias of the concept of the natural concept of Chinese literati in the minds of some Westerners，That is，From the three stages -from the Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty、Six Dynasties、Tang Dynasty to examine and understand it。Chinese poetry is the most important "communicationman" of the natural view of traditional Chinese literati。other，In Fu、Resignation、Letter Sports Literature、Travel notes and prose in writing scene，You can also find the expression of traditional Chinese literati on the concept of nature。

　　Early works reflect civilization and glory

"China Social Sciences": In the early Chinese literature works from the Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty，What kind of natural view is conveyed? What kind of evolutionary process has this view of nature?

Gu Bin:From the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn，The natural view of Chinese literati has been a typical manifestation in the Book of Songs。In the Book of Songs，The manifestation of the concept of nature is closely related to the social background of the Zhou Dynasty's heavy farmers at that time。In a agricultural -based、There are a small amount of animal husbandry，Yimu shovel、Early Society, mainly farming tools such as stone swords，Natural view reflects farmers for weather、seasonal、Land, etc.。People pass the sun、Moon、Planet、Spring Water、Rain、Snow、Fish、Beets and other large and small natural objects，Boat、fishing tackle、Agricultural tools、Textiles and other handicrafts to get to know nature、Observe nature。The inspiration of poetry creation is also collecting herbs、Dordling wood、hunting birds and beasts and other activities，and harvest、Boil、Weaving and other daily behaviors produced。It should be said，The Nature in the Book of Songs is naturally regarded as a single phenomenon in the labor field，Usually used to refer to various natural objects in the environment where people live。In this environment，Natural things are not abstract，It has not been beautified，Instead, it appears with its original appearance。They have a direct connection with daily labor life，The description of it constitutes the "natural introduction" of poetry。This early view of nature more reflects the lifestyle and folk customs of early Chinese farming society。Society in such a private property consciousness，People’s view of nature is based on the clan alliance and village community composed of blood relationships。

If the subjectiveness of nature in the Book of Songs does not exceed the scope of personal experience，Then "Chu Ci" marks the first personal consciousness of Chinese classical poetry。The natural image in the Book of Songs still maintains an objective appearance，Its appearance is natural but not artificial，"Chu Ci" is a rhyme form created by Chu Gui literati represented by Qu Yuan，The natural image described in which is more mixed with subjective feelings and real seeing。The Book of Songs is lighter to portraying the emotional colors，The scene looks like it always maintains the scene，Emotional colors are exactly an important symbol of the natural view in Chu Ci。In "Chu Ci"，Ancient Chinese literati to observe nature from their own emotional world，Naturally, it is no longer just a simple form of a simple form of agricultural labor and daily life in the Book of Songs，It has also become a conscious private "secret word"、Self -expression carrier。orchid、芷、Gui、Tsui and other natural things have become symbols of literati and emotional expression and emotional expression，The portrayal of these scenes although the portrayal comes from actual life，But beyond the scope of actual life。Compared with the Book of Songs，"Chu Ci" is at a higher level in terms of expressions and scenery，The color is stronger。It can be said，The natural theme in "Chu Ci" is not only the continuation of the Book of Songs，It is even more deepening。

other，The natural view in "Chu Ci" is a symbol of a realistic family feelings。Qu Yuan's pursuit of "vanilla beauty"，It can be understood as the nostalgia of the "old system" that is gone forever，It is a huge "foreign world projection in the heart"。Scholars who can't find the ambitions in reality in reality turn to virtuality to seek soul comfort，In that illusory world，Natural things have become spiritual fantasy。Compared to the Book of Songs，The natural phenomenon described in "Chu Ci" is full of injuries，There are also some mysterious Bet365 lotto review colors and fantasy feels，All of this is closely related to the social background and religious and cultural conditions of Chu Di at that time。

To the Han Dynasty，The theme and expressions in the field of literature have undergone major changes。In the consolidation of many achievements in the Qin Dynasty (the establishment of the centralized system，Unified text and currency)，The Han Dynasty further realized the unified prosperity of the country，Economic and trade flourish，The famous ancient Silk Road can be opened。As the British Sinologist David Hawkes said，This is a confident era，It seems that everything can be controlled: man and nature、Tianhe Di、The spirit of human society and man，and the fact that the entire universe。All this means a new self -consciousness generation，This self -consciousness is reflected in literary works，It is the new style that rises in the Han Dynasty -Hanfu。As a beautiful and rhythmic prose poem，They symbolize a highly developed civilization、The splendid era with strong self -awareness。

On the one hand，Han Fuzhong can still see some elements in the Book of Songs and Chu Ci，For example, the theme of religious and worship; on the other hand,，Hanfu has a distinctive characteristics of the times，For example, it reflects the obvious progress in the social technology of the Han Dynasty，Including iron tools、No wheel plow、Waterwheel、The invention of a single -wheel traveler，and the birth of irrigation facilities such as water canal above 100 kilometers。But，Compared with labor people's literature such as the Book of Songs and Chu Ci，The Book of Songs mainly reflects the lives of the people such as agriculture and farming，"Chu Ci" involves processing folk songs and spreading it in future generations; Han Fu is not from the daily life of the people，Non -folk song processing，It is a "upper court literature" formed in the new bureaucratic group。So，Han Fuzhong's description of nature is also different from previous traditions，Nature in Han Fu is neither naturally related to agriculture，Not naturally religious factors，but a kind of nature that represents elegant culture。Large -scale hunting、Royal Garden Wonderland、Birds and Beasts and Flower and Wood、Music and etiquette，and some winds with exotic mood describe the typical theme of Han Fu。The natural view of this period reflects a more broad、Perfect outer world，At the same time，The poet's subjective tendency exposed in "Chu Ci" has been further reflected in Han Fu。

　　Civilization is a transformation of nature

"China Social Sciences": In your opinion，The Six Dynasties are an important turning point for the development of natural concept。This period，Whether it is writing theme or work style，Some changes have appeared，How did this change happened?

Gu Bin:To the Six Dynasties，With the power from the Royal Palace to the wealthy family, it is transferred，The natural view of traditional Chinese literati has appeared an important change。The observation of the scene during this period prompted a new type of nursery — 咏。The objects of the chanting objects include both the old mountains and the wild nature of the deep mountains far away from the city，It also includes rural villas and suburbs natural。Drinking Poetry、Lanting party、Living in the mountains ... The literati are visiting nature、Emotional in the process of watching the landscape、open mind，and seeking to achieve the consistency with "Tao"、Harmony with yourself。In this period of Jian'an and Wei Jin literature，Natural view reflects a strong new realist tendency，Among them, the most famous poetry representative represents Cao's father and son。Cao Yu's tour poems and letter works are important in the history of Chinese literature，His father Cao Cao's literary works are characterized by the description of nature's extraordinary life。"Guan Canghai" can be described as the first masterpiece in the history of Chinese literature to depict the scenery，Become a model of later generations，The poet's inner feelings are revealed between the words，Map the reality of the poet transformation、Personal determination and ideals to control reality。

other，From the Six Dynasties，"Landscape Poetry" begins to appear。In this process，The Xie family, one of the most prosperous giants in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, played a pivotal role。The creation of "landscape poetry" in the strict sense began in the famous politician Xie Wan，and Xie Lingyun pushed this integration creation to the perfect situation。In his work，The vibrant natural beauty is used as a major theme to use and describe，The admiration and love of nature reached the peak，This makes its poetic genre very close to "landscape poetry"。other，He is the first Chinese poet who claims to explain the seasonal and day and night in poetry。His poetry creation has made great innovations on the basis of the results before inheriting the results，A new view of nature can appear。At the same time，The natural view reflected in Xie Ling's works has appeared from Taoist thought to Buddhist thought。But this does not mean that Taoist thought is completely disappeared in his pen，Instead, it is integrated with Buddhist thought into a whole。Xie Lingyun observes landscape from the perspective of Buddhism，It does not hinder it to portray nature with a Taoist idea of ​​"Taoism Nature"。In a poem "Mountain Residence"，Xie Lingyun's natural natural nature is a natural natural nature that gets rid of the constraints of urban life，It is also a kind of transformed nature that has been transformed by the characteristics of social civilization。In this natural world，The poet can gallop imagination freely。Xie Ling uses a natural and true beauty that does not contain any text games，Sweep the style and illusion of literary works of the six dynasties at the time。His description of nature focuses on nature itself，It has epoch -making significance in the history of Chinese poetry and even literature。other，Tao Yuanming during this period、Wang Xizhi、Gu Kaizhi、Zhan Fangsheng and others also have many masterpieces of landscape poems。

　Civilized two -way communication reflects open tolerance

"China Social Sciences": Do you think，The description of nature of the Tang Dynasty literature、expression、Sighing reached the heyday，In the Tang Dynasty literary works, especially in poetry，Knowing yourself through nature、Looking for yourself、Exploring Self has become a wind，What are the characteristics of the natural view of this period?

Gu Bin:If the Six Dynasties period greatly laid the foundation for the concept of nature in Chinese literature，It has a profound impact on future Chinese literature，Then the Tang Dynasty literature marks the development of the natural view in Chinese literature to develop the peak in a mature way。The general implementation of the imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty，The new literati bachelor replace the traditional noble。Some literati and bachelor's poets are poor，but has extremely high cultural literacy，Through their writing and expression，Nature view has changed in the new social background，Given a whole new meaning，Become a valuable cultural wealth circulating later generations。It can be said，The literati of the Tang Dynasty liberated the natural view of nature from the noble world，Put it on a wider social basis。Specific speaking，The natural view of this period has the following features。

First, the expression of the concept of nature is deeply affected by the court、Economic Development and Social and Cultural Impact。As the richest at that time、The most advanced country，The prosperity of the Tang Dynasty is far better than the European countries of the same period，And this prosperity is also reflected in the prosperity of culture represented by Tang poetry。Effective management and internal unity of central centralized agencies，It means that the scope of the "border" is included under the rule of the Tang Dynasty，"Border Sky Nature" related to this becomes the creative object of some literati and Mo Ke，They try to combine "border natural" with human civilization，Related representatives are Liu Zongyuan、Han Yu, etc.。other，Large natural renovation facilities planned and implemented by the state，For example, the excavation of the Grand Canal、Use of new -style agricultural tools, etc.，Deeply affects the ideological consciousness of writers，It plays an important role in the formation and development of its concept of nature。It is worth mentioning is，As one of the most prosperous prosperous times in Chinese history，The Tang Dynasty has always maintained a wide range of economic and cultural exchanges with European countries and other regions。In this two -way communication process，Tang culture not only retains its own discounts，It also reflects an open and inclusive worldist nature。It absorbs China's inherent culture，Do not refuse the impact of foreign culture，The characteristics of this kind of collection and accumulation shaped the natural view of the literati and Mo Ke at the time in a subtle way。

Second, Chinese literati "plastic mountains and waters" in their works have become a general tendency。The poet open his mind to nature，During the process of sending love in the landscape，The life feelings and personal feelings of intellectuals are expressed。Wang Wei's "idyllic poetry" is a major representative。In his poems，The influence of the two genres in the former dynasty coexisted: one is the objective and natural presentation of Xie Lingyun's beautiful and natural;。Whether it is Xinqing after the rain、air clear，Wild pheasant、Strong wheat seedlings，Still the village、stream、River Water，All shows a picture of the harmonious symbiosis of nature。In Wang Wei's work，People are no longer the onlookers of nature，Instead, it is tolerant into nature。Love and Scenery，Eye、Ear、God、The heart is completely integrated。

Third, in some Tang Dynasty works，Naturally placed in strong、Gao Yuan、In the very powerful perspective。Nature represents a kind of magnificent、Existence that cannot be conquered，The famous chapter that embodies this concept is Shi Xian Li Bai's "Shu Road Difficulty" and Shi Sheng Du's "Mud Mountain"。other，The poetry of the poet Meng Jiao also conveys similar concepts。The nature in Meng Jiao's pen has duality，On the one hand，It is pure、Wonderful symbol; on the other hand, it has a certain risk under certain conditions，If humans face nature, they are wantonly arrogant，Naturally, it will bring adverse effects to human life。

Fourth is "Huai Ancient Poems" in the Tang Dynasty a lot。In the "Ancient Poetry" full of time and space concepts and historical characteristics，The natural phenomenon in front of you makes people chase the past，In the past and present、Eternal and short、OK and uncertain the theme of "Ancient Poems"。Limited time、Liaoyuan in the space，The vitality contained in all things，All cause Bet365 app download the poet's endless thoughts and associations。In Li Bai's work "Yue Zhong Huai Ancient"，Historical scenes and reality pictures form a control，In this quatime sentence，Naturally as a magnificent historical process，Reflect that the poet's deep and extensive view of history。

Five is the natural view of the Tang Dynasty literati more attention to the pursuit of "the transformation of the landscape to the inner world"。Naturally as a dependence of a spiritual recovery，The power to purify the soul in the minds of the literati，It has also become an inseparable part of the world。It can be said，Naturally get rid of it from the original state，No longer only belongs to the outside world，and become an external exposure of spiritual ideas，A kind of emotional impulse pin，A place where the character's mind habitat。Whether it is Jiang、Mountain、Bird、Flower，Still God、Goose、Boat、Building，All can make the poet "touch the scene"。Natural strong symbolic，Makes the scenery in the poet's pen more rendered with artificial color，Sometimes it doesn't seem to be real nature。Compared with the former dynasty，The natural view of the literati of the Tang Dynasty got rid of the influence of the noble thought，To a large extent, the point of view of the middle and lower literati，The literati and elegant possess in an inherent way。Nature view becomes a product of deep combination of scenery scenery and inner consciousness，A kind of emotional dependence and cultural symbols attributed to the heart。

The relationship between people and nature is the eternal theme of human society。Looking at the history of evolution for more than 5,000 years of Chinese civilization，Chinese traditional literati in different eras always understand in their own unique ways、presentation、Awe of nature，Make an indelible contribution to the accumulation and progress of traditional Chinese culture。Today's people still maintain respect for nature、Awe of nature、Proper precious tradition that conforms to nature，and seek a harmonious symbiosis between people and nature。China attaches great importance to the construction of ecological civilization，Take a green "Beautiful China" as the priority goal of national governance，This is inseparable from the natural view of the medium and long -term accumulation of Chinese culture。Now，The theme of nature concept still attracts many Western scholars to understand the story of Chinese culture，Discover the characteristics of Chinese culture。Natural view becomes one of the factors that best represent Chinese culture，It is worth further studies in the academic community in the world、Communication、Promotion。