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Building a city monument: String the historical coordinates of urban and rural networks on the Silk Road Avenue

April 02, 2020 00:31 Source: "China Social Sciences", April 2, 2020, No. 1899, author: Zhang Ping

　　The city monument is the city's construction and repair process，Merit monuments and major events built in various places，Most of the local governments invite local celebrities to remember。Because the monuments are mostly the person who caught the person，Notepad，Reliable content，Historical materials are greater，The first -hand information built by the city。Building a city monument or a carved stone，Survive the world with a monument，or wrote an article，Save with literature，The history of development of the city of Chinatown、Town forms and urban social changes have extremely important historical values。

　　Ming and Qing Dynasties left a large number of city monuments in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

　　Northwest my country has long been the aorta of the Silk Road traffic exchanges for a long time，Many regional agricultural and animal husbandry here are intertwined、Many ethnic groups，Trade between various types of personnel、High communication frequency。Out of defense needs，Most of the settlements have a city wall。During the Republic of China, Qin Han once described，"Is a normal village and town，Also often built a good city wall。It turned out that the northwest has been a border since ancient times，To prevent the invasion of the alien，Do not strive to complete the offensive and defensive "，Building a city becomes a necessary condition for settlement development。The settlement city wall thick here，Complex structure，The offensive and defensive is complete，The small castle will also be regarded as a major event for the development of the city as a major Bet365 lotto review event for settlement。Therefore，A large number of city monuments are left in the Northwest region，The main body is the Ming and Qing Dynasties。According to the statistics of existing information，There are 267 articles that can be completely preserved in the Ming and Qing Republic of China.。Most of them are stele stones，But due to the war over the years、Bing Disaster，Destroyed serious，The stele that can be collected in the world is only 31 squares，Most of the rest are preserved in local prefectures or individuals in various prefectures and counties。Current，From the literature such as personal texts and local history, there are still 236 articles in the relevant city monument。If statistics are based on the provincial partition，The largest number of monuments is Shaanxi Province，A total of 140 articles; the secondary of Gansu，Total 97 articles; 11 articles in Qinghai，Ningxia 13 articles，6 articles in Xinjiang。These compiled monument information，Most of them have the continuity of the times，And can restore geographical positioning，It is an important historical information for the Silk Road Avenue of nearly 600 years -the northwestern regional urban and village networks。

　　The overall pattern of the economic and social structure of the Northwest region in modern times is probably based on the Ming Dynasty。Zhu Yuanzhang established the Daming Dynasty，Establishing Shaanxi Administration Department in the vast northwest region、Du command envoys and Xingdu。The Director of the Director of the Supervisory Division and the Division of the Division implementation，Semi -military management。accompanied by state and county、Perfect from the construction of the health center，Population in the Northwest region、Traffic and settlements are continuously improved。According to the statistics of "History of the Ming Dynasty · Geography"，Ming Bet365 app download Dynasty Shaanxi Administrative Department 95 counties and 95 counties and 95 counties，In addition, there are also Shaanxi Metropolitan Division，The real soil 10 guards and 5,000 households under the jurisdiction，Generally including Shaanxi、Ningxia two provinces and regions of Gansu。The predecessor of the Shaanxi Xingdu Division was the Xi'an Xingdu Division, established by Hongwu Seventh year (1374)，to 26 years (1393)，The jurisdiction of Xingdu Division is basically stable，Have 12 guards、4 Shouqian Qianhu Institute。

　　Castle Monument Records many social historical materials

　　The Ming Dynasty Guard has a wide distribution，Settlement is mostly cities、Town、Fort、Village is the main。According to incomplete statistics，There are 39 large castles along the Great Wall in Yulin today，Ningxia Wei Bao Baozhai 88，45 of Guyuanwei，The number of other town guards is many，Although there is development in the Qing Dynasty，But the basic structure inherits the Ming Dynasty。These settlements marked by the city wall constitute the social foundation in the Northwest region，Northwest Tsukijian Monument is complete for these historical coordinates。

　　(1) The most distinctive characteristic of the northwest of the Ming Dynasty is the most district of Ganning Qingqing Province，A total of 67 articles that can be counted today。This area is mainly built in the Ming Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty，Most cities are built with the construction of the fortress bunker。In the existing Ming Dynasty monument，A large part is the Book of Castle Castle in the Castle Castle。Ruqinghai Province: During the Jiajing period, the "Rebuilding Xining Wei Ji" written by Xu Zonglu during the Jiajing period、Four years of Wanli (1576) Council of the "Rebuilding Xining Criminals" written by Zhang Wenren，It is a detailed record of the second rebuilding of Xining bet365 Play online games Acropolis。"The Monument to New Xiuwai City Monument" written by Ma Ziqiang during the past and with the Wanli period、At the same time, Cui Yan's "Brick Repair Yulin Town City" participated in each other，You can see the general scale built by the Acropolis of the Ming Dynasty town、Basic structure and background information。And the monument information built by a large number of bunkers in Lanzhou City and other places，Including the construction of Jincheng Guan Guancheng、West Ancient City、Pentaa、Big Chakoubao、Three Eye Well Castle、Guancheng and Castle City near Great Wall such as Yongtai City。These monuments are recorded in detail the construction time of the castle、Location、scale、Process、Local geographical environment and military status，It is a rare first -hand information for the Ming Dynasty military and guard。

　　(2) Most of Tongcheng Bei Ji has more continuity，Connect these continuous monuments，It becomes local town development、A basic basis for recovery of social structure。Now Tianshui City, Gansu，Ming and Qing Dynasties left a total of 7 parties to build a city monument，From Xining Wei to Xining County，Leave a total of 4 parties in Tsukijian City Monument，Yulin 7 square，Lizhou (now Fu County) in Shaanxi、Yulin 7 square。

　　Take the Qinzhou (now Gansu Province Tianshui City) during the Ming and Qing Dynasties as an example，7 Fangzhu City Monument written in Jiajing (2 parties)、Wanli period，Qing Shunzhi、Tongzhi、Guangxu and the Republic of China。The process of these 7 square monuments for the construction of the city、scale、ingredients, such as materials, have more detailed records，The urban functional partition description reflected in the overhaul of the previous repair is particularly detailed。According to these 7 square monuments, we recovered as follows: Qinzhou ancient name Chengji，Located in eastern Gansu，Weihe River bet365 best casino games and its tributaries traverse them，Agriculture and transportation are relatively developed，Therefore, the development history is long and far。A series of castles built here before the Song Dynasty，Destroyed more at the end of the yuan。Ming Taizu Hongwu built Qinzhou Acropoli，The city site is built on the north bank of the Weihe River tributary borrowing the north bank，That is the later "Great City"，Storage Army，With regional economic development，attracted the settlement of the surrounding households，A settlement of the residents first formed on the west side of the city，and more engaged in commercial trade，In the middle of the Ming Dynasty，and even the people of Xi Guo "Bet the City"。This will form the main city within the Great City.，and Xi Guo's main concentration of the people of the people and business in the urban development pattern，The economic focus of Qinzhou also brings together in Xi Guo。

　　During the Jiajing period，The Mongolian army once invaded Lanzhou West Guo，"Marty -in between Qinlong"，So Qinzhou began to build Xiguo City，Five cities formed from the end of the Ming Dynasty，is the Great City、Zhongcheng、Dongguan City、Xiguan City、Xiaoxi Guan，The large -scale Fuxi Temple building complex is built in Xiaoxi Guan，Therefore, it is also called Fuxi City。From the perspective of the changes in the urban pattern of Qinzhou，From the guards to the state county，Various functions of the five cities，Construction to Unified Tianshui City，The change in the middle reflects the changes in the local administrative system，It is also the result of economic development，For the study of the Ming Dynasty military and health system、Division of the Population Function of the Qing Dynasty、The development of the inland economy of the Anti -Japanese War has reference value。

　　(3) The statistics of the cities in the northwest bet365 best casino games of the Qing Dynasty were slightly more statistics than the Ming Dynasty，Since the Northwest region is no longer the border guard at this time，State and county settings replaced the construction of the Ming Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty，Economic and social management of each state and county is uniform。Therefore，The cities of each county are also very neat，The characteristics of the times are obvious。Compared with the Ming Dynasty，Large -scale urban construction projects are much less。The frequency of Xiucheng in the northwest of the Qing Dynasty increased the frequency increased，But most of the project volume decreases，Continuous maintenance is the main construction method。This，Maintenance of the sources of funds in the city also formed a variety of channels。Gentlemen and officials and business donations have become important sources of funds for Xiucheng，Leave a large number of historical information donated by merchants。These materials have very important historical values for studying the urban economy in the Northwest region，Even some village castles have left such business history information，Very rare。

　　(4) Town data of Tancheng Monument Combined Baozhai Positioning、Site、Archaeological Literature，We have built it into a town historical geographic information (GIS) database，It will provide very important data support for the future urban development and heritage protection of the region in the future。

　　Town Castle is a very important settlement form in this area，These settlements entities constitute the basic structure of regional society，It is also the most basic external form of economic entities along the Silk Road。and Tongcheng Stele is the most detailed record for these economic entities growth process，link them in series，You can see the government's operation very clearly、Folk investment、Population Bet365 lotto review migration、Traffic Construction、Economic Growth，This is also a historical portrait formed by the social and cultural formation along the Silk Road。By using today's geographical information technology，Even you can even restore them to the ground，Become a very valuable first -hand information to study the social change of the Silk Road。

　　(The author is the key person in the country of the National Social Science Foundation "The evolution of urban forms in the northwest and urban social changes (1368-1911)" in the Northwest、Professor of History of Capital Normal University)

Editor in charge: Changchang