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Today's World，There are many artists。In recent years, my country's original ethnic opera has continued to emerge，Such as "Magnolia Poetry", "Xi Shi", "Song of the Swallow", "Canal Rumors", "Golden Sand River", "Fang Zhimin", etc.，attracted people's attention。Sort the nationalization of the Russian classical opera before the 20th century，Provide reference for us to think about the path of the nationalization of opera。

and Italy、Compared with France and German opera，Russian opera is a younger brother，or even the nephew。But the sages created by Russian opera，Gradually began nationalized exploration when learning the experience of western peers。From the 1830s to the beginning of the 20th century，Russian opera from Mengxuan to prosperous，Its nationalized exploration has gone through three stages。

　　During the hazy period: localization consciousness first cute

1909，в. Е. Chexin published "History of Russian Opera (1735-1900)" in St. Petersburg，He set 1735-1835 as the first stage of the development of Russian opera，It is also called "imitation stage"。This is not justified，But not so。Let's talk about it first。а. Sharrov's article "Ruslan and Ruslan" describes the status of Greenca's previous Russian opera: "Opera Music，Naturally, it is just the work of the Italian musician who works in the court。"" In 1732 by Italian singer、The "Italian Company" composed of musicians opened，This is the first court theater。Italian musician Garuby (1706-1785)、Zimal Rosa (1749-1801)、Salti (1729-1802) was invited to Russia，Working in Yekaterina II Palace。Russian musicians may travel to the door，Dyeing by it，or in Europe，Acting exotic，There are two of them，Ru. Ballter Qiangkov，Its opera "Father and Son Love" (1787) The first edition was sung in French。but not so。Russian musician attempts to write a different opera，Start in the 1870s。This kind of opera，In terms of concept, it has enlightenment colors，In terms of content, it shows Russia's current life。Drawing by я. Knia Renin、в. А. Pashkaivic composed "Troubles due to luxury cars" (1779)，н 利 利、м. М. Sonkolovsky and е. и и и и (1787)，м. А. Magonuski's "St. Petersburg Business Stack" (1779), etc.，All are this。

bet365 live casino games In the "State Bus"，Fayejerna and the carriage of the Ji Mo, love each other。Police Director Ferga 觊 觊，Design Steal。Ji Mo Fei worried about the separation of separation from Fayejerna on the station，Faye Jayfena hurriedly rushed，Let it escape，to avoid being caught。The carriage husbands have said for their emotions in front of the officers: Felga should serve military service last year，But after the servant of the police chief，Instead, Ji Mo Fei charge the army。The father of Jimo Fei also has a lot of love: the eldest son of the two has been in front of the army，Jimo Fei New Wedding Yaner，Dangdang for military exemption。A carriage man took away Ferga's belt，Table、Hats and other things are sprinkled down，The whole department's stolen director's object。The officer arrested Felga。Magnatan and Fajeerna's singing and dance，Celebrate the punishment of the evil people。"St. Petersburg Commercial Stack" is famous for St. Petersburg、The commercial stack that is still operating so far is the background，Fraud of Expressing Merchants，As a result of the conspiracy was revealed，Traitor is trapped。"The Troubles of the Hidemid Cars" Talks about the nobility and the landlord is good for vanity，Love luxury car，The housekeeper is bad，Want to send a serf Lu Keiyang to exchange money to buy a car，Finally, the housekeeper was filled by the army，Lu Jiyang and his lover finally become dependents。

These opera plots are simple，Modeling is obvious: began with sorrow and finally enjoyed; expressing Russian reality，Wish to borrow music resources from Russia。"St. Petersburg Commercial Stack" The second act is the daughter of the businessman's marriage before the party，The girls sang "Boyfriend Song": "Beautiful boyfriend，Perseverance boyfriend wear shoulders。/Red Tongzi，Set into his shoulder。/He wears a shoulder，Kan Shoulder Ties Jin Chancan。"Boyfriend Song" is the imitation of "Girlfriend Song"。"Girlfriend Song" is sang by a girlfriend when the Russian girl is married，Widely circulated in the Russian folk。Ma Jingski "Girlfriend Song" is "Boyfriend Song"，and did "soil" to reduce the "ocean" treatment。The "Girlfriend Song" popular in the folk is a crying song with a large sound range，and Ma Jingsi's "Boyfriend Song" is similar to the German song，Show the lightness of joy。Ma Jings is basically the serfs of Earl Agotzoski，It is outstanding for the reason，Dedicated to classical schools affiliated to Moscow University for study，After being sent to Italy to study again。bet365 live casino games He is familiar with Western European music，"Westernization" transformation of Russian folk songs。In "The State Bus"，Sorkolovsky also wrote "Car Duks" based on the song husband's ballad: "Our driver，An is a blessing。/I wish I don’t turn over，Even if the fight is rude。"The Chorus" Eagle Gao Fei "in the play is directly based on the Russian folk song。Leading and male and female chorus，Express the depression tone of the Russian folk songs to the fullest，Taoist Merchant's mental depression。However, the prelude of "The River in the Station" has no depression of the Russian folk song，Always full of joyful opera of Germany。Russian musicians have begun to have the hazy consciousness of creating national operas。

　　Exploration Period: Localization initial results in results

Russian opera nationalization began in the 1830s，Green Card guides the first way，A. Dalgmezki followed。Green Card was born in the manor family，Study Russia and Europe。The idea of ​​writing national operas is born when traveling abroad，He voted in Berlin to friends: "I want to dedicate our kingdom in the drama.，This is the nation's，Whether it is a plot，Still music，All must be written as the compatriots as their own。"Later, the poet Rukovsky suggested that he wrote an opera with Susanin's righteousness。Ru's no time to fuck，Baron Baron of Russian Crown Prince Feng Rosen wrote a script，Green Card is written as the opera "Dedication for the Tsar"。The Soviet era с Gogjetzki rewritten the script，The title of the drama is also even more "Ivan Susanin"。The main plot of the baron script is，Genfu Susanin to protect the Tsar Mihal Ferdolovich，Send Yizi Vania to send a letter to the Tsar，I brought the Polish soldiers to the depths of the dense forest。Polish learned to be the back，Kill Susanin。November 1836，"Dedication for the Tsar" is awarded the premiere。Although there are many shadows of Italy and German music，Dan Green Card holding chanting、lyric、Chorus、Dance music unified continuous music weaving。в. Onthayvsky said in the "Letter of the Greenca Music Lovers": Greenca "has raised the tone of the nation to the height of the tragedy"，He does not simply imitate the characteristics of folk music，Instead, I found a means to convey complex emotions and profound content in folk music。This opera is widely epic、Deep tragedy，provided a template for the later Russian opera。б. Assayev said，Green Card "embarked on a road that did not have in European operas"。While seeing the national exploration achievement bet365 Play online games of "Dedication for Tsar"，It should also be pointed out that Greenca has some teachers。​​Chexin's "History of Russian Opera (1735-1900)" and，Italian musician Kavos, a Italian -descent who traveled to St. Petersburg, wrote "Dedication for the Tsar" (1811)，This version of "Dedication for the Tsar"，Except the protagonist Susanin，And his female Martha、Her fiance Matevid、They are male bass，They are male bass、Women's treble、Men's treble、Men's Zhongyin。The relationship between the main characters of the same name of the same name of Greenca is the same，Just the name changed: the daughter is Anthony，The quasi -son -in -law name is Sobinin，The younger son is changed to adopted son Vania，And their voice is almost exactly the same。Later, Greenca used Pushkin's work as a sauce，Write the opera "Ruslan and Lewidemila"。This opera is more conscious in nationalization，The music image of the opera itself is more vivid。Under the influence of Greenca，а Dargomezki wrote as "Aquatic Fairy" and "Shi Ke"，Become a practitioner of the National Exploration of Opera。

　　mature period: localization fruit is tired

Russian opera nationalization exploration began to enter mature period in the 1860s，"Powerful Group" all achieved the biggest achievement，Tchaikovsky, which belongs to the West, also contributed。Russian musician to achieve the goal of the nationalization of opera from three aspects。

First，Tracing Russian history，Stain the inspiration and material of opera creation from the history of the nation。"Powerful Group" members of the Russian reality，Looking at the future of the nation，This makes them trace back to history，As Burinsky said: "We ask the past，is to explain to us the present，Lifn the future to us。"Musolsky's two major operas are based on history。Historian в. Nicholsky Suggestion Mu's，Write the opera of the opera of Pujikin's "Bolis Gudunov"。Mu's killed this drama in 1870。In the anxiety waiting for rehearsal，When the personal life is sleepy，Stoneov suggests to it，The historical conversion period is "the fertile soil of drama and opera"，Should write the opera "The Rebellion of the Hobwsky" with the real history of the 17th century。Mu's obedience，Sui study ancient Russian literature、Historical Materials of the 17th Century，Exploring the Holy Song of the Old Church。In the process of composing，I heard the breathing sound of Russian black land inside。Rimski-Coskov's "Polkov" (1873)，The emotional drama of the daughter of the Norv Geor Rods with the emotional drama of the daughter bet365 Play online games of the people in Ivan Lei Emperor。Borodin wrote the historical opera "King Igor" (1890)。

Next，Reform the works of Russian writers as opera。Pushkin、The script novels in Gogoli and other，Sui Cheng's rich ore excavated。1899 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Pushkin's birthday，Rimsky-Coskov used Pushkin's fairy tale "Soltan" as the material，Based on the script of б. Belisky，Completed music creation in spring，Completed the total score of the opera in winter，This opera premiered in Moscow on October 21, 1900。Li's also wrote the opera "Mozart and Salai" based on Pushkin's work (1898)、"Golden Rooster" (1909)，According to Guogo's works, he wrote the opera "May of May" (1880)、"Evening Christmas Eve" (1895)，According to the drama of the same name of the same name of the same name of а Ostrovsky, it was written as "Snow Girl" (1882)，According to the drama of the same name of л л Mey, it was written as the opera "The Bride of the Tsar" (1899)。Musolski wrote the first draft of the opera based on Guo Guli's novel，Edited by others in the 20th century was able to staged "Solo Qing Collection City" (1913)、"Marriage" (1931)。Tchaikovsky created the opera "Yefu Gini Onekin" based on Pushkin's work (1879)、"Ma Zebo" (1884)、"Slanged Queen" (1890)，He created the opera "Golden Shoes" (1876)、Based on the а Ostrovsky script, he created the opera "Supervisor" (1869)，According to the drama of the same name in the same name of и. Hippa, the Witcher (1887)。

again，Draw the material creation of opera creation from Russian folk literature。Starting from the mid -19th century，The collection and publication of Russian folk literature is very large，Provide materials for the opera creation of Russian musicians。such as，Rimsky-Coskov's Sadco (1897)、"Demon King" (1902)、"Unexpicious Jijie City" (1907)，"Snow Knight" (1908), etc.。

Full to see，The national exploration of the Russian classical opera has entered a mature period。

■ Stills of the opera "Ruslan and Lewide"  Information pictures

　　It is both a nation and a world

National Exploration of the Russian Classical Opera，May wish to extend two points of residue。

First，Comparison of opera and oil paintings，It can be discovered that Russian art ethnicic exploration is different。The conscious national exploration of the Russian painting world is later than opera，It started from the 1860s。May wish to find the cause from the establishment of the college system first。The college system in the field of Russian music began in the 1860s (1862、In 1866, the St. Petersburg Conservatory was established、Moscow School of Music)。Before Bet365 app download that，Since the 1930s, Russian musicians have their own teachers，Although Europeans such as Italy are respected，But after all, the rules of the rules and regulations are not subject to strict rules，Therefore, nationalized exploration was gradually expanded in the late 18th century。On the contrary，The Royal School of Fine Arts was established in 1757 at St. Petersburg，It teaches students strictly in accordance with French and Italian art models，Guiding art creation，Anyone does not belong to ancient Greece Rome、Materials of myths such as Christianity，All banned。1863 Academy rebels、In the 1970s, the Tour Exhibition School broke through the college imprisonment，The possibility of the painter has the possibility of large -scale localized exploration。National Exploration of Russian Art，The value recognition of Russian elites to national culture and foreign culture has great relationships.。At the end of the 1980s，The author has published "The History of Russian Literature in the Nineteenth Century"，Describes the "reversal" role of the European Revolution in Russia's elite culture in 1848: It turned out that everything in Western Europe was good，The European Revolution in 1848 broke this understanding，Instead of looking for resources for future development in national culture。Then the painting altar since the 1960s、The joint exploration of the theater's localization，"Powerful Group" musician and tourist artist，Let me go hand in hand。

Second，Bao Lange wrote in "The History of Western Music and Culture in the 19th Century": "The two values ​​we are separated from the general value of ethnicity and western，In each art, it often exists to varying degrees。In some national arts，Especially in Russian music，These two aspects often rub each other，Obstacles to the last appear。In the short history of Russian music，These two tendencies have always been like fighting，A tendency is to try to exclude all Western impacts，to maintain national characteristics。Another tendency is dissatisfied with conservative，Practical combination with the West。"The first half of this passage is more objective，Later, the author is not dialectical when you see the problem。Russian opera creation, of course, has always existed in the dispute between nationalization and Westernization，There are also disputes between the college factions and self -cultivation associated with this，But the opposite of views，It does not hinder the fusion of different cultural elements in the bet365 Play online games work。For example, the situation we see in "Bus Dr." is nationalization and westernization compatibility and package，Do not reject each other。This is the norm in the creation of Russian opera。Musolsky's opera "Boris Gudunov"，Historical stories of the Russian nation、Nationalized music vocabulary，Tell the story of human nature，Personal and History's Big Fable，因而It is both a nation and a world。If no Italian introduces European music skills，How can there be the basis of the 19th century nationalization exploration? Tchaikovsky claims to be Europeans in the letter with students，He belongs to the Western School in cultural identity，Pursue the expression of people's emotions in music。But he is also interested in Russian folk elements，In 1882, he collected and sorted out about 12 songs in the "Holy Song" of Orthodox Church，In the preface, he wrote: "I hope in this strange，Sprinkle Russian seeds on the land that is forced from us。"He used the Russian folk song" Flowers Open "and" Baihua Tree on the Field "in his first symphony and fourth symphony。The Russian "Farmer Song" in his opera "Yefu Gini One"、Ukraine "Gapakge" in "Mazerbber" is full of folk music elements。Tchaikovsky's opera is the world's，May also be considered to be the nation's。