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"In the past 20 or 30 years，About trade、Maritime navigation and other issues have become increasingly valued by the international academic community。But，The main attention points of Western scholars' research are basically in the Atlantic and the Atlantic business activities，Maritime trade in the Pacific area，Especially trade and maritime navigation，There are many gaps。These gaps have been noticed by more and more scholars in recent years，and start academic research。"September 27，"Manila Big Sailing Ship -Modern Cross -Pacific Interactive Interactive Interactive" Boyexin Workshop hosted by the State Institute of Peking University，Dean of the State Institute of Peking University and the National Institute of State、Professor Qian Chengdan, a professor at Boya Boya, Peking University said。Workshop invited from Spain、Mexico、Scholars in mainland China and Taiwan，Discuss the activities of the Manila sailing boat on the Pacific Ocean，The number and flow of silver to the Asian port to the Asian port，Religious and cultural exchanges in large sailing trade。

Han Qi, deputy director of the World Modern History Research Center of Nankai University, pointed out in his speech，Usually people see the Manila sailing boat，There are often two misunderstandings，First, it is believed that the trade of the big sailing ship is a direct trade between China and Latin America，Second, I think this is a free trade。Actually，Big Sailing Trade is a Philippines bet365 best casino games as a transit station，Indirect trade that Chinese goods are transported to Latin America。At the beginning of the beginning，Trade is freedom，But soon form a trade monopoly system，Become a monopoly trade controlled by Spain。

Han Qi said，Manila sailing trade is the lifeline of the Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines。In 1565, the trade route of the Philippines and the Western American colonies was opened，once unblocked free trade between China through the Philippines and America，But the good times are not long。This trade has impacted the original trade of the Son of Spain in the Americas，and cause silver to flow to Asian countries such as China，At the same time, it is not conducive to the development of local colonial pioneering and industrial agriculture in the Philippines。So，Starting from 1593，The Philippine colonial sovereign country Spain promulgated a series of decree，In addition to making various regulations on trade with China，Also from the number of sailing、The scale of the fleet、Number of products、The amount of tariffs has limited the trade sailing trade，The "license system" system was implemented、Ticketing system、The entire batch trading system, etc.，This，It gradually formed a whole set of trade monopoly systems。Due to the disadvantages of the trade monopoly itself，Coupled with the challenges of other Western countries，Finally leading to the end of the sailing trade。

Li Yuzhong, an associate professor at the History of Tsinghua University in Taiwan, passed the study of 1620 to 1681.，Discuss the number of silver from Manila to the number of Asian ports and its flow。He said，About the America's silver transport to Asia，History that then has a huge impact on world bet365 best casino games society and economy，It has been valued by the academic community for a long time，and try to estimate the number of silver in the Americas exported to China，At present, there are many rich and diverse research results。But it is undeniable that，Except Pierre Chaunu，Outside the material of the Indian Asia General Archives，Most studies are still based on fragments and are not continuous，or reports from non -competent customs officers, such as reports, etc.。Li Yuzhong charged customs officials with a 1681 In 1681: Diego Antonio de Viga，Therefore, the Spanish authorities ordered the Manila authorities to arrive in the Philippine trade vessels from 1620 to 1680 to send a copy of the Customs Customs List of Customs Customs and Customs.，Based on the data of this historical material，Discussion of the 60 years of Manila's foreign trade profile，At the same time, the number of silver silver obtained by the trade situation in various regions of Asia。He thinks，Almost all materials can be confirmed that the American silver is the last to the Philippines through the Pacific trade.，90%flow to China。He further pointed out，Research data indicates，About the lack of silver since the Ming Dynasty did not be solved by Silver, Spain, silver in Spain to flow through Manila，Perhaps the European silver brought from Japan or other countries has resolved the silver shortage of the Qing Dynasty。

Manila big sailboat research covers multiple aspects of cross -Pacific route connecting the Western American colonies and Asia in 1565-1815，Including the circulation of goods、Consumption of items、Culture communication。Mexican National Anthropology and History Research Institute Deputy Director Roberto Junco (Roberto Junco) bet365 Play online games from the perspective of archeology，Research connection、People、Thoughts of thought，Especially its construction and structure。The continuous excavation of the data of the archives makes these big sailing boats be rebuilt，other，The place where the large sailing boat stopped was constantly discovered，These all help scholars to understand the construction and structure of these large sailboats more，From different perspectives, restore the grand occasion of the trade at the time and its influence。He pointed out，Big sailboats from Asia to Latin America，Usually need to sail for more than 6 months，This route is the longest in these 250 years，I will encounter various difficulties in the meter，The solidity of this ship also has higher requirements，and further explain the construction and materials of the ship。other，He is also through the informative archeological information，Introduced the size of the ships that have been increasing for two and a half centuries，From the beginning of a few hundred tons to one or two thousand tons。

Associate Professor Liu Miao at the Department of History of Xiamen University and Deputy Director of the Institute of Ceramics in Jingdezhen City、Lecturer of Jingdezhen College Weng Yanjun bet365 Play online games from the perspective of the porcelain of the shipwreck，Analysis of the cross -Pacific Manila sailing trade。Liu Miao pointed out，The "Manila sailing boat" trade from the 16th century to the 19th century as an important part of the early global trading system，Both countries along the line include China、Japan、East Asia、Southeast Asian countries with various products including the Western American colonies and Europe and Spain、Material、Personal flow of people，Bet365 app download It is also a major cultural exchange from all over the line、The process of large fusion。He also introduced the southeast of China、South China Sea、The relevant shipwreck information found in the Philippines and other regions，Discover information with the ceramic kiln site、Archaeological data of the port sites along the line and archeological discovery information of Latin American regions such as Mexico，Discuss the course of the development of this marine culture。Weng Yanjun discovered through the 16th -century ship porcelain discovered by Ensennada and the Guthe collected by the University of Michigan, the University of Michigan.，Discussion of the start time and early trade nature of the sailing trade。

Cinta Krahe, a full -time teacher of East Asian Art and Material Culture Project at Alcara University in Spain, and Wu Jiewei, a professor at the School of Foreign Languages ​​at Peking University, shared their research from a cultural perspective。Clarier introduced the Chinese porcelain that was transported to Habsburg, Spain for more than 200 years。Wu Jiewei focuses on the role and influence of large sailing trade in the internationalization of religion and localization。He pointed out，Big Sailing Trade is both a way to spread Catholicism，It is also the process of Catholicism in the Philippines，That is to say，Big Sailing Trade is both a means of cultural communication，Itself is also a recipient of cultural communication。Catholicism in the Philippines derived many localized expression forms，Among them, the more typical is the goddess belief of Andy Popor and the Black Jesus faith。

The lecturer of the School of Foreign Languages ​​at Peking University, Yu Shi Yang, from the late 1980s at a 1613 manuscript at the Royal History Institute bet365 best casino games of Madrid，That is, "Town Huan De Memesa from Perulima to Manila City and China A trip"，Discussion in 1583 Peru's failure exploration。She restored her author Mendosa in June 1583 to near South Australia，Targeting Chaozhou、Guangzhou、Zhaoqing，After arriving in Macau at the end of August，It was found that there was a blank time after he arrived in Macau to May 1584。Scriptures compare with Western History in the same period，Discovery Mencosa attempts to obtain trade rights in Macau and purchase goods to Peru，But being given by the Philippine officials to ban people strongly。Yu Shiyang thinks，Reasons for the reason，Its capital is indeed a strong gain，but more importantly,，At the beginning of the sailing trade，Spain is still arguing with Chinese strategy，Between Western Portugal、There are also interests for interests within the American colonial。

The organizer pointed out，Liang Qichao once said that the Pacific Maritime Question is the largest problem in the 20th century。China, which is reform and opening up, began to actively participate in Asia -Pacific affairs in the 21st century，and signed a co -construction "Belt and Road" cooperation document with 19 Latin America and Caribbean countries in the past two years。China ’s cross -Pacific trade and cultural interaction has more than 250 years of history，Manila sailing boat played a prominent role in the trade and exchanges between the two parties。Big sailing is not the official Chinese monopoly、Tonggong trade，but spontaneous overturning、Endlessly;，but in Asia、Establish more than 30 ports between the Americas、Cross the dense network of the Andes Mountains; not only means premium and luxury goods，And more Bet365 lotto review daily porcelain、cotton cloth, etc. affects the majority of middle and lower classes; not only involves cargo、The output of technology，It also involves the introduction of silver monetization of Ming and Qing Dynasties and the introduction of many crops。The history of the Manila sailing boat，In sharp contrast to colonial rule in Europe，It is Chinese in China in Latin America、Latin America endings in China that is integrated with each other。