This year's Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Abdulrazak Gurnah, a Tanzanian writer who lives in the UK，It is said that he "has not compromised and deeply revealed the influence of colonialism and the fate of refugees between different cultures and the mainland gaps"。Choose behind the novelist，It is the refugee crisis in Europe in recent years。

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The word "influence" of the original English text uses a more neutral "Effects"，"Gully" is "Gulf" (can also be translated into "abyss" or "crack"，refers to different cultures、Great differences between regions)，"Refugee" is "Refugees"。Refugee issues in recent years have made some European countries extremely difficult: young people's labor force is urgently needed，But the placement of refugees is huge，Even if you are willing to accept，It is difficult to make them fully integrate into the local society。Gulner himself may be a refugee，Several novels of his novels are refugees in the turbulent period、Immigration is the protagonist，"by the sea, 2001) The protagonist Sali Omar，He went to the UK to seek political asylum。

but，Refugee identity is often misuse、Abuse。When the "refugees" of the Middle East rushed to Europe in the Middle East，The number of "refugees" in Central America is also moving towards North America。In order to avoid "humanitarian disasters"，Some embarrassing scenes can not help but have some embarrassing scenes when sharing the places of refugees in various countries，and the original essential audit procedure also had to suspend the implementation。Many refugees on TV seem to be healthy，Easy expression，Also with mobile phone。When arriving in Europe，Their preferred destination is Germany and Nordic with a relatively high living standard.，instead of Southeast European countries with closer geographical location。Isn't they risky to improve living conditions? But economic immigration will be strictly reviewed in Europe，The identity of the refugee is easy to get sympathy。Just a few days after the announcement of the Nobel Prize，Sorry news from the United Kingdom: David Emes, a Conservative Party member of the British bet365 best casino games House, was stabbed，Suspect Ali Habi Ali from Somali。The challenge of the refugee/immigration problem seems to be more severe，British and Europeans will further think about the realistic meaning of "Honggou" in the award words。

Few foreign literary circles in our country are paying attention to Gulner created in English，The author is no exception，Never read his work。Nobel Prize jury announced before the results，Many literary enthusiasts listed Kenya novelist Enguzi Wa Tigo as one of the popular candidates。

Gulnarbi Tigo is 10 years younger，Born in the east coast of the African continent at the end of 1948， Mother tongue is Swahili，In 1968, I arrived in the UK with a monthly tourist visa with a monthly travel visa。In January 1964, the King of Sudan, the Sudan of the mulberry, was overturned，Establishment of Sang Give Baltic Republic，merged with the Republic of the Tanani Nika in the same year，Formed Tanzania United Republic，The first president was Niire, a famous left -wing politician in Africa after World War II。What kind of social status of the Gulna family in the Sang to Balta，What about parental education background，How do they view the sharp social change in my hometown，I have not seen the media about the media in the past month。In fact, this information is indispensable for people's understanding of the word "refugee" in the awards.。

The first major event after Gulner arrived in the UK is to register and practice college entrance examination courses (A-level)，Later, I successfully entered the Canterbre Christian Association College。This stage，His passport must have a new identity。Young Gulner long -distance migration，Tanzania and Britain Farewell，However, he can be seamlessly connected in his studies，It can be seen that his English education he received in Sang to Balt has paved the road to studying in the UK (Swahili is not Gulner's writing words。Now Swahili has been improved by Europeans in Latin letters，also adopted a large number of foreign words)。Gulner's master in the historic city of Kanterbury，After settlement and getting married in the UK，Long -term coaching in Kent University (founded in 1964)，Professor of British literature and post -colonial literature，Shortly after retiring from the school。When he was young, he went south to Africa to teach south for a short time，Most of the time spent in Kanterburi for most of my life，It can be said that it has been deeply rooted in bet365 live casino games the UK。Another famous alumni at Kente University is Shihei Yixiong (Shihei Yixiong and Rashdi、Naipaer is also known as "post -colonial three male")，Where he studies undergraduate，Specializing in British literature and philosophy。Gulner has studied Tito's work，Write the latter's masterpiece "One Mai Seed" (2002 Penguin Edition，African Literature Series) Preface。He also edited "Cambridge Salman Rashy Guide" (2007)，Cambridge's writer research guidelines are very popular among Chinese university English students。This is just part of Gulner's professional work as a scholar。He is the same as many British contemporary novelists，I also engaged in creation after teaching，The debut of "Memory of departure" (Memory of departure) was nearly forty when he came out in 1987，Paradise published in 1994 has entered the Booker Award short list。It can be said，Before the Nobel Prize announced this year，Gulner is an ordinary writer in the UK，If the refugee problem does not bother the conscience of the Europeans，He will continue his own peaceful life。

　　Challenges of Tanzania and post -colonials

About 1964 or 1965，I read the article from the new "Philatelic" magazine from the first issue of the article introduced the article that Sang gave Balta and Tanzania，In the impression, mulberry Balt was once known as the "Kingdom of Lilac"。Tanzania was originally known as Tananana，The end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century was a German colony，It was occupied by Britain in the later stages of World War I，Become a British appointment rule in 1920，Change to British custody land after World War II，Independence of 1962，Re -renamed the Republic of Tanani Nika。After the establishment of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964，Sang Give Barbao has a high degree of autonomy。Sang Give Balt Culture Mixed，For more than 2000 years, Arabs、Persians and Indians have left their own imprints here，And the phenomenon of slave trading also exists。In Europe and the United States，The most famous immigrants from Sangu Balt should be the lead singer of the British queen band Fleti Macrry (1946-1991)，His ancestor is the Pasis from India (the same as the post -colonial theoretical master Hommy Baba)。Fans who love to watch the European Football League must be familiar with the song "We Are Champions"。Macrui died of illness (now can be treated)，30 years later，Another British bet365 live casino games mulberry Balri once again brought mulberry to Balt and Tanzania。Unfortunately，Will Gulner have a batch of conscience in San Gan Bal (or Tanzania)?

The above example description，The so -called "Black Africa" ​​is by no means fixed in the imagination of essentialists。Even in Tananani，The colonial rule of decades also quickly transformed the original face of the local culture。Junior Niire was baptized when he was in a Christian church school，Later, go to Uganda's famous Marcarerer University (Tibo is a graduate of the school's English department) to study，When the end of World War II returned to China, it had been changed to Catholicism，Teaching in St. Maria College in Catholic Church，In 1949，and discuss the national liberation movement with nationalists from Africa in the UK，At the same time, I also accepted the British Fei -edge non -violent socialist thought。The leaders of the African National Independence Movement have experienced the experience of studying in Europe，English、French or other European languages ​​have become powerful tools for their political power to fight for political power。After the colonial criticism theoretical development, a milestone Frankz Faron (1925-1961) was born in France's colonial Martinik Island，After participating in the local French High School Examination, he went to France to study university in 1946，His anti -colonial thought is formed in Lyon, France，A strong impact force was generated when it was presented in French。

Europe is the birthplace of socialist thought and Marxism，Young students from the colonies are also natural。Some people among international students who are independent after independence，The idealist policy implemented also has unexpected complex consequences，British Indian writer Naipaer has a deep pain about this，"Hewan" and other works vividly portrayed some "half -life and unfamiliar society".。The author specifically mentioned Naipa, who was born in Trinida and Dubago，Mainly considering the experience of Gulner and Naipaer before college。Trinida and Dubago are also the Commonwealth countries，Naipa's Queen Royal Middle School in the Capital Port Getting Graduated Scholarships to study in Oxford University，From then on his writing career。

A group of "angry young people" appeared in the British literary world in the mid -1950s，John Osborne、Kingsley Emis、The members of the writers bet365 live casino games represented by Harold Pinte and John Wayne are the clear Anglo-Saxon people，Immigration writers like Naipa also emerged。By the 1980s，The ethnic colors of British writers are richer，"Reverse Writing Empire" (1989) and "White Myth" (1990) describe how the original colonial residents use the language of the colonists to join the creative team，Gives a new landscape of contemporary English literature。In this writer group，Gulner can not be attributed to the first echelon，But this year's Nobel Prize in Literature suddenly placed him under the spotlight。

　　How can a immigrant writer from the edge of the "Empire" be able to go to the center

I want to take this opportunity to emphasize，After the colonial system is disintegrated，The former master nation and these new independent countries still maintain a special relationship。The Commonwealth still has more than 50 member states，The British Federal Games held every four years still attracts the best athletes of member states。After the colonists leave, a lot of unrelated systems and institutions that are not related to the difficult modern transformation (ie, in English)，including sports、Hospital and various educational facilities。Students of the Commonwealth Federation Student Student Student Students can enjoy preferential conditions，The young students of the "Emerging Countries" still use the Britain and the United States as the first choice (young people in the former French colonies go to France)。Nires got a serious illness before birth，I will go to the hospital in London for treatment。At the political level，The experience of studying in the prince of the clan may have a positive effect。Indian Father Gandhi and later Nehru and Mrs. Gandhi studying in the UK，Instead, they created India。India has inherited a lot of things that I mentioned earlier，Campaign to become the most popular sports project in India and Pakistan is a case.。

In the process of preparing this article，I can't know the experience of Gulna from childhood to large。If the mother tongue at his birth is Swahili，So he has been in English at the moment he started to be educated，He grew up in the context of English -led。I bought three British annual magazines published in London in Shenzhen the year before.，​​Blue hard skin cover，Each book has three or four hundred pages，with a lot of photos and illustrations，The readers set up should be primary and secondary bet365 Play online games school students in the United Kingdom and British and British overseas.。Articles are mostly reported literature，There are also pure fiction works，The name of the author is basically the Anglo-Saxon，But the content involves all aspects of the natural environment of the Commonwealth and daily life。my country's English literature research community probably will probably not pay attention to such publications，Actually it is a pity。I want to ask if Gurna has seen similar publications when she was young，I want to know what kind of textbooks he uses and their characteristics。But you can guess，Textbooks are roughly supported with college entrance examinations，British literature is heavier。

Since the 19th century，The British formed a tolerant of the exiles of the European continent、Tradition of refugees，There are many writers among these people，For example, Joseph Conrad, which has established a novelist in around 1900。In the 1930s, many Jews from continental Europe to British refuge，Among them, the originator of the psychoanalysis school Freud and the 1981 bet365 best casino games Nobel Prize winner of Elias Carneti，Both are Jewish descent。Cuniti mainly created in German，Although it is English，But was excluded by the history of British literature，Fortunately, a series of his novel translations have appeared recently。Except Gulner，The current ethnic writers in the UK are very active，Ben Oakli from Paunbaier's younger generation from Nigeria，His "The Road to Hunger" won the Booker Award in 1991，The author was only 32 years old at that time。2008 Turkish writer Pamuk visited China，British female writer Kilan Desai (his grandmother is a German) who is walking with him (his grandmother is a German)，In 2006, I won the Booker Award with the book "Inheritance Lost"。Her mother Anata Delsai mainly studied British literature when she was undergraduate in India，Later for a long time in Britain and the United States，It is also a well -known writer。The author of the novel "White tooth" and "On Beauty" Zadi Smith is only in her forties，As early as the beginning of the 21st century, it was regarded by the literary journal "Granda" as one of the best young writers in the UK，Her mother is Jamaica Immigration。

Speaking of Jamaica，It must also admit that the West India Islands (including Jamaica) in the Caribbean Sea have made extraordinary contributions to contemporary English literature。1992 bet365 best casino games Nobel Prize winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Derek Walcott (1930-2017), was born in the British colony St. Lucia，English poetry was published when I was in middle school，In 1949, after receiving a scholarship from the "colonial development and prosperity", I entered the Monas Campus of the University of West India, Jamaica，Mainly repair British literature。He is also a mixed race (father and British)，I coached at American universities for many years，But his education is English。Gulner、Naipo and Walcott each have their own personal characteristics，But one thing is similar to: the edge of the "empire" once，Outstanding representative of falling in love with British literature and becoming the diversity of contemporary English literature。

　　(The author is the director of the comparative literature and cross -cultural research center of Xiamen University、Former Director of the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)