2021 is the 200th anniversary bet365 joining bonus code birth of Dostoevsky (1821-1881)，It is also the 140th anniversary of his death，The whole world is commemorating this great Russian writer。Zweig once said that Dostedt "had a profound influence on the literature and culture of our time"，He believes that Dostoevsky is the originator of modernist literature。When modernist literature declined、Today with the rise of constructive postmodernist literature，What is the significance of Tuo Shi?？To understand this，Need to understand the artistic salvation contained in all his creations。

In previous studies on Doskin，Many commentators named him a Christian writer，Think that he used his works and a series of characters to show Christian ethical thoughts，For Russia which was in turmoil at that time，Even the entire world bet365 joining bonus code crisis of modernity，Proposed a Slavic way of salvation。However，In my opinion，The path to salvation proposed by the writer in his series of novels，This is his most valuable contribution to mankind as a whole。Doshi has a famous saying: "Beauty saves the world。”This sentence is the true meaning of his entire work of art。

　bet365 joining bonus code Socialism: The Slavonic Redemption

Dostoevsky belongs to the Slavonic school bet365 joining bonus code history of Russian thought，was one of the most active activists bet365 joining bonus code Russian social and cultural movement bet365 joining bonus code mid-19th century。Although he was in hardship all his life，On the one hand, I have been troubled by epilepsy for a long time，On the other hand, I have been in a state of financial constraints due to family reasons，But deep bet365 joining bonus code writer’s soul，The strong sense of national consciousness and mission for all mankind has never been lost。In his works，He is always trying to find an ideal way out for Russia and all mankind。When he is not writing novels，Also wrote a lot of political commentary。Later, I simply wrote it myself、Publishing a series of "Writer's Diary"，To focus more、Express your own social reform and cultural values ​​in a more clear form。

At that time, the plan proposed by the Western European faction in Russia was to choose the path of capitalist development in Western Europe。The scientific and technological development of Western Europe bet365 joining bonus code 19th century was marked by the Crystal Palace Exhibition held in England in 1851，Formed a strong culture，And had a huge impact on the Russian reform movement。Chernyshevsky visited the Crystal Palace in 1859，This left a deep impression on him，His novel "What to Do" published in 1862？》The Crystal Palace is described as a dream of the Russians。Dostedt came to Paris bet365 joining bonus code year when his novel was published、Visiting London and other places，After returning, he wrote "Winter's Notes on Summer Impressions"。However，What he saw was not the technological progress and powerful industrial civilization of Western Europe，It’s the depravity of human nature that happened behind this。Not bad，"London's financial center with millions of wealth and world trade，There is the Crystal Palace and the World's Fair...you will feel an amazing power，It can ‘combine’ countless people from all over the world into a group；You will realize a very huge thought；You will feel that a certain goal has been achieved here，Here is victory，It’s a triumph”。But all these so-called achievements are in Tuoji’s view，Relying on the coercive power of matter，Instead of the power of fraternity，This place is actually a society where money is the driving force behind people’s behavior。People can give up family love for money、No parents，The entire society is "vicious"。fraternity does not exist，Self and Nature、Opposite to others。or，The rationalistic view of progress in Western Europe is incompatible with the social view based on fraternity，Because the former replaces freedom with "bread"。So Berdyaev said that Dossin "rejected the temptation to turn stones into bread"，"He was horrified by the prospect of human society turning into an anthill"。The Crystal Palace will eventually become an illusion，And "anthill" will become a reality。The so-called "anthill"，It is the human living space constructed with material order。Dosage said in "Notes from the Underground" through the mouth of the underground people: "The most respectable ants start from the anthill，It must also end in an anthill。”Because ants unite together to fill their bellies，Then，Having a full stomach bet365 joining bonus code anthill will achieve the ultimate goal。Is this the highest ideal of mankind？

The plan proposed by Dosage is to build a spiritual kingdom based on Orthodox culture。He mentioned the "three ideas" in his "Writer's Diary" in 1877: the French Revolutionary social ideas are exactly the same as Catholic ideas，It is a "forced human unity"；German ideas are similar to Protestantism，It “merely fantasizes and longs for its own union，To promote its proud ideals"，It believes that "there is no higher spirit and language bet365 joining bonus code world than the Germans"，The final result is isolation and hostility。Obviously，These two concepts are not advisable，So Dosage put forward the third idea: "This is the Slavic idea，A growing idea，——Perhaps it is the third possibility to solve the fate of mankind and Europe bet365 joining bonus code future。…obviously，We Russians have two strengths that are greater than other peoples bet365 joining bonus code world，——This is the integrity and spiritual indivisibility of millions of people in our nation，And the close unity of the people and the monarch。”The so-called close unity of “the people and the monarch” is often understood as Doskovsky’s praise of the tsarist autocratic regime。In essence，What is reflected here is the social ideal of "aggregation" in Russian thought，That is, "Unity in Diversity"，The monarch represents the unified will of the country，The people represent the diversity of individuals。From this，This avoids the Catholic unity but no freedom，It also avoids the fractured social ills of the Protestant religion of freedom but not unity。

Dosage claims to be a socialist，But they are different from the Western Europeans and populists who advocate the violent overthrow bet365 joining bonus code tsarist regime，He is the same as Tolstoy，Does not advocate "violent revolution"。What he wants is to build on "the greatness、Universal、All mankind、Socialism based on the desire for brotherly unity among people，“Salvation through universal unity bet365 joining bonus code world for Christ”，That is, "Russian-style socialism"。

　　bet365 joining bonus code dialogue: the true path to salvation

Dosage’s real social reform plan is reflected in his artistic salvation。bet365 joining bonus code novel "Idiot"，He said through the mouth of the protagonist Myshkin: "Beauty saves the world。”However，For this sentence，People tend to interpret it literally。The key here is，What does "beauty" mean。We say，The beauty mentioned by Tuo Shi not only refers to the beauty of words in novels、The beauty of characters、The beauty of the scene，It also refers to the beauty of "dialogue"。When discussing the beauty of Pushkin's art, he created a concept - "universal responsiveness" (всемирная отзывчивость)，It refers to the "people's spirit" or "popular spirit" contained in artistic models，Everyone can experience emotions that “response” or “resonate” with themselves，Thus, anyone participating bet365 joining bonus code artistic dialogue can enter the world and all-human space of "unity through friendship"。

First，The beauty of this kind of dialogue is reflected bet365 joining bonus code soul connection between people。Dosty's first work "The Poor" describes the tragic emotions of two people living at the bottom of society-the young civil servant Devushkin and the poor woman Varenka。Two people and one "old and poor"，A man struggling for his family’s survival。However，Two wounded hearts are connected to each other despite the oppression and bullying of the entire society，Thus establishing a spiritual sublimation space for mutual support bet365 joining bonus code suffering life。In "The Idiot"，The orphan Myshkin was ridiculed as an "idiot" despite having the title of duke，But he is an outlier from the upper class，Is a Quixote-like character，One man fights against the decadent values ​​of the entire aristocratic class。In this lonely situation，He met the socialite Nastasya，The latter relies on his beauty to get around bet365 joining bonus code upper class，Powerful people regard her as the object of their lust，Trying to control her、Possess her，And only Myshkin，I found the most beautiful side of the human soul in her，Only he is not interested in her appearance，But her kind heart。Although there is no secular love between them，But the communication of souls made them a beautiful scenery in that declining society。This is why Myshkin issued the call for "Beauty to save the world"。

Secondly，The beauty of dialogue is reflected bet365 joining bonus code equal exchange of different ideological positions。Bakhtin thinks，The function of art is to strengthen the "responsiveness" between people (ответственность)，Thus constructing "sympathetic understanding" (сочувственное понимание)，That is, "understanding" is not the subject's behavior towards the object within the framework of rationalist philosophy，It is an act of equal spiritual communication in aesthetic activities。Perhaps only in aesthetic activities can humans construct a real dialogue space。So when Doshi entered the novel creation，Get rid of the desire to monologue in your real identity，Give each character corresponding qualifications to speak，Let every thought defend itself；In this polyphonic noise，He cannot allow any one voice to become an overwhelming monologue，Instead, all conversations remain open and unfinished。For example, in "Crime and Punishment"，The hero and heroine Raskolnikov and Sonia hold two different value positions，A proponent of Superman theory，To achieve justice bet365 joining bonus code world through violence；One advocated that everyone take up his own cross，Toward reconciliation among people in suffering。Obviously，The writer himself denies the former and agrees with the latter position。But bet365 joining bonus code novel，The writer did not allow Sonia’s voice to become the overwhelming monologue，And only become one party to the dialogue。So，Sonia never boasts，I won’t argue with the other party either，But silently looking at the other party with compassionate eyes，Listening to his spiel；At the same time，She will never be conquered by the other person’s words，With her weak body, she supports the society towards the ideal of spiritual resurrection。bet365 joining bonus code dialogue between the Grand Inquisitor and Christ bet365 joining bonus code Brothers Karamazov，The former holds the "bread" position，That is, as long as he controls "bread"，The crowd will abandon Christ and follow Him，The latter holds a "liberal" stance，ie，Give freedom to the public，Let them make their own choices。Throughout the conversation，Only the eloquent speech of the Grand Inquisitor，And Christ was almost silent，Only at the end of the conversation，He walked up to the 90-year-old justice，Kissed each other，Turn around and leave。“That kiss burned in his heart，But the old man still maintains his original thoughts。”Doshi once declared，If anyone proves that Christ is divorced from the truth，He also wants to side with Christ，Instead of the truth side。But bet365 joining bonus code novel，He will not give in to either side，Even if it is the author’s own position，Occupying the position of absolute monologue。Because the plan of “beauty saving the world” has a premise，It is to ensure that bet365 joining bonus code process of realizing salvation, it cannot be realized in a way that overwhelms the interlocutor，Always keep the conversation “unfinished”。

　　Is the redemption of "bet365 joining bonus code" feasible

The reason why Doshi proposed such an artistic redemption plan，It is to avoid the crisis of using violence to achieve so-called justice after losing bet365 joining bonus code dialogue。

In reality，People always firmly believe that only they have the ultimate truth，Always hope to transform others and the world according to your own will，The problem is，Any monologue may bring disastrous consequences to mankind。The religious chief in "The Brothers Karamazov" is "for the great honor of God"，Burned hundreds of cultists to death on the "dazzling fire"。The five-person team in "Demons" is bet365 joining bonus code name of saving the world，Attempted to overthrow the Tsarist regime through assassination，But before taking action, they killed their companions who wanted to quit。Raskolnikov in "Crime and Punishment" kills the old loan shark lady while implementing his social justice plan，But he also killed the innocent Lisaveta。Dosky once used Shatov to reveal the essence of the Slavs in "Demons": they believe that only one nation among all nations can have a true God，And this nation is the Russian nation。We need to know，This idea was Dostyev’s own position as a Slavophile，But bet365 joining bonus code novel, he lowered this voice to a position of equal dialogue with other voices，The purpose is to realize his great ambition as an artist: to let the whole world maintain the beauty of "responsiveness" and "sympathy" in an open dialogue。Such a plan may not guarantee that mankind will realize the great ideals in history，But it can help mankind escape from the monologue crisis，Maintain a harmonious state of mutual response。

Historical Proof，Dosty’s plan of “beauty saves the world” was not realized in Russia’s subsequent changes。The reason is，The development of human society to bet365 joining bonus code day still does not provide us with the actual soil to realize bet365 joining bonus code plan，When the people at the bottom of society lose their right to own bread，Sonia’s style of enduring suffering alone cannot relieve their situation of being “insulted and harmed”，The tolerance and kindness of Prince Myshkin can neither reverse the tyrannical tendencies of those who hold secular power，It cannot bring real happiness to the weak in suffering。So，bet365 joining bonus code Quixote-like character’s call for “beauty to save the world” did not receive a substantial response。

However，In today’s human society，“Bread” monologue becomes the overwhelming voice。Under such circumstances，If we lose our pursuit of beauty，Then not only the traditional crisis cannot be resolved，We will face even more serious disasters。Therefore，Dostoevsky’s artistic salvation may be a kind of utopia，But as a solution for human beings to escape from the dilemma of material monologue，But bet365 joining bonus code has eternal significance。

(The author is a professor bet365 joining bonus code School of Liberal Arts, Nankai University、Chair Professor, School of Foreign Languages, Xiamen University)