2021 is the 200th anniversary of the birthday of Dhastyevsky (1821-1881)，It is also his 140th anniversary，The whole world is in honor of this great Russian writer。Zweig once called Totor "A far -reaching impact on our literature and culture of this era"，He believes that Tuo is the originator of modernist literature。And modernist literary micro、Today's post -modernist literature rises，What is the significance of the Dove? To understand this，You need to understand the art redemption of all its creations。

In the previous Tuo family research，Many theorists name them as Christian writers，I believe that he uses his works and a series of characters to show the ethical thoughts of Christianity，It was Russia, which was turbulent at that time，The entire world in the modernity crisis，I proposed a Slavic way of redemption。But，In my opinion，The redeeming way of the writer's novels，is the most valuable contribution he made to the entire human。There is a famous saying in Tuo's: "Beauty save the world。"This sentence can be called the true meaning of all its art works。

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Dosturvsky belongs to the Slavist in the history of Russian thought，It is one of the most active activists in the Russian social and cultural movement in the mid -19th century。Although he has been in a difficult trap all his life，On the one hand, it is troubled by long -term epilepsy，On the other hand, it has always been in economic constraints due to family reasons，But in the depths of the writer's soul，The strong national consciousness and all -human mission have never been annihilated。In its work，He is always trying to find the ideal way to find Russia and the entire human beings。He is in the novel creation，I also wrote a lot of political theory text。Later, I simply wrote myself、Publishing Series "Writer's Diary"，To concentrate、More clear forms to publish their own social reform and cultural value concepts。

The plan proposed by Western Europe in Russia at that time was to choose the road of capitalist development in Western bet365 best casino games Europe。The scientific and technological development of Western Europe in the 19th century was marked by the Crystal Palace Expo held in the UK in 1851，Forming a strong culture，and have a huge impact on the reform movement of Russia。Chelniffsky visited the Crystal Palace in 1859，This has left him a deep impression，The novel he came out in 1862 "What to do? "The Crystal Palace is described as a dream of the Russian。The year of the novel to Paris in the year of its novel、Investigation of London and other places，After returning, I wrote "The Summer Impression of the Winter"。But，What he sees is not the progress of Western European technology and strong industrial civilization，Instead of the human nature of the human nature behind this。Good，"There are millions of counts of wealth and global trade London Financial Center area here，There are Crystal Palace and World Expo ... You will feel an amazing force，It can ‘synthesize a group of people’ from all over the world; you will realize a very huge idea; you will feel that some goal has achieved it here，This is Victory，Is Triumph "。But all of this so -called achievement is from the view of Tuo's，Relying on the compulsory power of the material，instead of the power of blog love，This place is actually a society driving with money as a person。People can give up their affection for money、Don’t parents，The whole society is "poisonous"。Bo Ai is not existing，Self and nature、Compared with others。or，Western European rationalist progress concept and social view of love as the cornerstone are incompatible，Because the former replaces freedom with "bread"。So Belgayev said that Tuo's "temptation to reject the kind of stone into bread"，"The prospect of human society is about to become an ant hills, make him frightened"。Crystal Palace will eventually become an illusion，and "Ant Hill" will become reality。The so -called "Ant Hill"，is the human survival space constructed with material order。Tuo said in the "Based on the Baseroom" borrowed from the basement of the basement: "The highly respected ants start from the ant hills，Presumably end with ant hills。"Because the ants are united in order to eat the stomach，So，A full stomach can bet365 Play online games be eaten in the ant hills, and the final purpose is achieved。Is this the highest ideal of human beings?

The plan proposed by Tuo is to build a spiritual kingdom based on Orthodox culture。He mentioned the "three concepts" in "Writer's Diary" in 1877: The French Revolution's social philosophy is exactly the same as Catholic ideas，is a "forced human unity"; Germany's philosophy is similar to Protestantism，It "Just fantasize and desire its own union，Promote the concept of pride "，It believes "the world is not higher than the spirit and language of the Germans"，The ultimate result is isolation and hostility。Obviously，These two concepts are not desirable，So Tuo put forward the third concept: "This is the Slavic concept，A concept that is growing，- Maybe it is the third possibility of solving human and European destiny in the future。... Obviously，Our Russians have two more powerful forces than other nations in the world，—This is the integrity and spirituality of millions of people in our nation，The close unification of the people and the monarch。"The close unification of the so -called" people and monarchs "is often understood as the praise of the Tsar's autocratic regime。and substantially，What is reflected here is the "aggregate" social ideal in Russian thought，That is "unity in diversity"，The monarch represents the unified will of the country，The people represent the diversity of individuals。From this，Avoid the reunification of Catholicism without freedom，It also avoided the new religion's freedom, uniform fracture social disadvantages。

Tuo claims to be a socialist，But different from the Western European and populist who advocated violence to overthrow the Tsar regime，He is the same as Tolstoy，It does not advocate the "violent revolution"。What he wants is based on "、General、All humans、Socialism on the thirst for people and brothers "，"Realization of the general unity of the world for Christ"，"Russian socialism"。

　　The Beauty of Dialogue: The Truth of Real Reduction

The real social reform plan of the Tuo family is reflected in his art redemption path。In the novel "Idiot"，He said by the protagonist Mei Shijin: "Beauty save the world。"，For this sentence，People often flow in literal interpretations。The key here is，What exactly does bet365 best casino games "beauty" mean。Let's say，The beauty of the Tuo Shi not only refers to the beauty of the text in the novel、Beauty of the Character、Beauty of the Scenery，refers to the beauty of "dialogue"。When discussing the beauty of Pushkin's art, he created a concept- "universal response" (всемирная отзывчивость)，refers to the "people spirit" or "public spirit" contained in art typical body，Everyone can experience the emotion of "response" or "resonance" with themselves，so that anyone who participates in art dialogue enters the worldwide and all -human space of "reaching combination with friendship and love"。

First，The beauty of this dialogue is reflected in the soul phase of the soul between people。The first work of Tuo's "Poor Man" describes the tragedy emotion of two people living at the bottom of society -the tragedy of the small civil servant Jie Wushkin and the poor woman Walianka。Two people have a "old and poor"，A struggle for the survival of the family。But，Two injured souls are linked to each other in the oppression and bullying of the entire society，As a result, a spiritual sublimation space is established in the suffering life。In "Idiot"，The orphan Mashkin, who was ridiculed as "idiot", has the title of the Duke，but it is a alien of the high society，Is a Don Quixote -style character，Battle of the decaying values ​​of a person with the entire noble class。In this lonely situation，He encountered communication Hua Nasta，The latter rely on his own color to rotate in the upper society，Powerful people regard her as a hunting object，Try to control her、possess her，and only Meishkin，I found the best side of the human soul on her，Only what he sees is not her appearance，but her kind heart。Although it is impossible for them to produce secular love，But the communication of the soul makes them a beautiful landscape in that declined society。This is why the Meish Gold will make a appeal to "save the world"。

Next，The beauty of the dialogue is reflected in the equal communication of different ideological positions。Bachkin thinks，The function of art is to strengthen the "response" between people (ответственность)，thereby constructing "sympathy understanding" Bet365 lotto review (сочувственное понимание)，That is, "understanding" is not the behavior of the object in the rationalist philosophy framework，Instead of equal spiritual communication behavior in aesthetic activities。Perhaps only in the aesthetic activities can human be constructed a real dialogue space。So when the Tuo family enters the novel creation，I got rid of the monologue in my realistic identity，Give each character with a corresponding speech，Make each idea be able to defend itself; among this divestick，He can’t make any kind of sound become an overwhelming monologue，Instead, keep all the conversations always in the unfinished state of openness。For example, in "Sin and Punishment"，The male and female protagonist Laskurnikov and Sonia hold two different value stances，A advocate superhuman theory，It is necessary to realize human justice through violence; one advocates that each person back up his own cross，Towards the reconciliation of people in suffering。Obviously，The writer himself is agreed with the latter's position。But in the novel，The writer does not allow Sonia's voice to become an overwhelming monologue，The party that only becomes the dialogue。So，Sonia never exaggerate，I will not argue with the other party，But silently stare at each other with compassion，Listening to his talkative discussion; at the same time，She will never be conquered by the other party's words，She supports the ideal of this society with a weak body。Dialogue between Religious Justice and Christ in "Brother Carramazov"，The former holds the "bread" position，That is, as long as he controls "bread"，Volkswagen will abandon Christ and follow him，The latter holds the "freedom" position，，Give freedom to the public，Let them make their own choices。In the entire dialogue，Only religious judges have endless speeches，and Christ almost says nothing，Only when the conversation is over，He walked in front of the 90 -year -old judge，Kiss the other party，Turn around。"That kiss burns on his heart，But the elderly still maintain the original thought。"" Tuo's once announced，If anyone proves that Christ is out of truth，He also has to stand on the Christ side，instead bet365 best casino games of the truth of the truth。But in the novel，He will not let any party，Even the author's position，Occupation of absolute monologue。There is a prerequisite for the "Beauty Save the World".，It is to ensure that in the process of redeeming the redemption process, it cannot be achieved in an overwhelming dialogue.，and always keep the dialogue "unfinished"。

　　Is the redemption of "Beauty" feasible

The reason why the Tuo family proposed such an art redemption plan，It is to avoid the crisis that realizes the so -called justice after losing the beauty of the dialogue。

In reality，People always believe that they only have the ultimate truth only when they have themselves，I always want to transform others and the world in accordance with my own will，The question lies in，Any monologue may bring catastrophic consequences。The Religious Justice in "Brothers of Carramazov" is "For the Great Honor of God"，Hundreds of cults were burned to death on the "glamorous fire pile"。Five people in "Magic" are in the name of saving the world，Try to overthrow the Tsar regime by assassination，But before they moved, they killed the companion who wanted to exit。Laskar Nikov in "Sin and Punishment" killed the old lady who had a high loan when practicing his social justice plan，But at the same time, it also killed the innocent Lisavita。Tuo has revealed the essence of the Slavicist in "Magic": they believe that only one of the nations can have a real God，and this nation is the Russian nation。We need to know，This idea is the position of the Dot as a Slavist，But in the novel, he reduced this sound to the position of equal dialogue with other voices，The purpose is to realize his great wish as an artist: to keep the entire world in the open conversation of "response" and "sympathy"。Such schemes may not guarantee the great ideal of human realization，But it can promote humans to get rid of the monologue crisis，Make it a harmonious state that responds to each other。

History proof，The "Beauty Save the World" plan has not been implemented in Russia's changes。The reason is，The development of human society has not yet provided us with the actual soil that realizes this solution，When the people at the bottom of the society lose the ownership of bread，Only by Sonia Bet365 lotto review -style tolerance cannot relieve their "insulted and damaged" situation，Duke Meishkin's tolerance and kindness can neither reverse the tendency of violent person who holds secular power，It can’t bring real happiness to the weak in suffering。So，The voices of "Beauty Save the World" made by this Don Quixote -style character did not get a substantial response。

But，In today's human society，"Bread" monologue becomes an overwhelming voice。Under such a situation，If we lose our pursuit of beauty，So not only the traditional crisis cannot be lifted，It will also face a deeper disaster。So，Dosturvsky's art redemption way may be a kind of utopia，But as a solution for humans to get rid of material monologue and dilemma，but it has eternal meaning。

(The author is a professor at the School of Literature of Nankai University、Lecture professor at the School of Foreign Literature of Xiamen University)