Developed since the 1960s，Japanese science fiction animation has a history of nearly 60 years，Robots as one of the most representative themes，Numerous related works。The content and themes of these works are constantly changing with the development of the times，It reflects the social history of contemporary Japan、Cultural changes，It also embodies the creator’s love for the country、Human、Thinking about the future and other issues。Should say，Japanese science fiction animation has formed a worldwide influence with its own artistic height and ideological depth，The app bet365 download image it depicts contains rich semantics、Cultural symbols in urgent need of in-depth explanation，Also entered the field of academic research。

　Robots are app bet365 download beings’ best friends

To be said to be the originator of Japanese app bet365 download animation，That must be Osamu Tezuka's "Astro Boy"。The 1963 TV animation is adapted from the comic book of the same name，It tells the story of Astro Boy, a young app bet365 download living in the 21st century, who fights to maintain peace and human happiness。Astro Boy is the genius scientist Dr. Tianma who comforts the pain of losing his son，A highly intelligent app bet365 download made according to its appearance。He not only has a healthy and cute human appearance and intelligence、Brave、Justice and other beautiful qualities，There are also "seven divine powers" and "one hundred thousand horsepower" that can go up to the sky and into the earth。

Astro Boy’s name is taken from the English “Atom”，meaning "atom"。The comic of the same name was created in the early 1950s before the war was far away，As Osamu Tezuka said in his autobiography "I am a Cartoonist" (Yamato Shobo 1989 edition)，The birth of the image of Astro Boy came from his dream of "peaceful use of atomic energy"。Everyone knows，End of World War II，The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki accelerated the surrender of app bet365 download militarism。The huge energy released by the atomic bomb explosion turned the two cities into ruins in an instant，Many app bet365 download people have also developed a "nuclear fear" mentality。In this situation，The app bet365 download government evades political and moral responsibilities，Weaken the perpetrator attributes of one's own war，Strive to attribute the reason for the defeat to "losing in the technological war"，Emphasis on Japan’s backward technological development，Calling on the citizens to rebuild Japan with the power of science and technology。Through a series of public opinion propaganda，The ideological trend of "technological omnipotence" has formed throughout Japan，In particular, the bright and hopeful dream of "peaceful use of atomic energy" has gradually diluted the "nuclear fear" sentiment of app bet365 download people。The idea of ​​Astro Boy also came from the special political and historical context at that time。

Astro Boy is a product of technology，Represents the hope of technology，He has seen the evil of human nature many times but still has expectations for mankind，Even willing to sacrifice himself for mankind。In the final chapter of the animation，To alleviate global warming、The crisis of human beings losing their homeland，Astro Boy drives a rocket to shoot a device that inhibits nuclear fusion reactions into the sun，But the device failed on the way，Astro Boy resolutely chooses to use his own power to push the device and fly towards the sun，Final crisis resolved，But Astro Boy never came back。Astro Boy has touched countless Japanese audiences，The concept of "robots are human friends" he conveyed also deeply influenced the Japanese view of robots and the development of app bet365 download culture since then。

Astro Boy’s loyalty and dedication to mankind，A set of virtual app bet365 download ethics regulations called "app bet365 download Law" in the work。Just like Asimov proposed the "Three Laws of Robotics"，Osamushi Tezuka places the future society of human-machine symbiosis under the constraints of the app bet365 download Act，This law stipulates that "robots exist to make human beings happy；Robots are not allowed to hurt people、No killing" etc.。This set of specifications ensures the superiority of humans over robots，Therefore，Only Astro Boy will put the interests of mankind first under any circumstances。

However，Although Osamu Tezuka admits that technology brings convenience to people，But he is not a technological supremacist，Unprecedented admiration for technology in postwar Japanese society，He shows more vigilance and worry。He once said: "I do not doubt that the development of science and technology in the future will bring such benefits to mankind，What I worry about is whether humans can control their own desires in a future with rapid scientific development。”So，Except the protagonist Astro Boy，He also created a large number of different types of robots in his works，To express the raging of technology out of control and the explosion of selfish desires caused by human nature being coerced by technology。For example，The app bet365 download Franken, who is extremely powerful but has no concept of good and evil, is used by theft gangs to do evil everywhere；The invisible app bet365 download Dianguang was instigated by the villain Sihank to blow up the Ministry of Science；The Green Knight and Astro Boy are both highly intelligent robots，But because humans trample on the dignity of their species，Forcing him to take the road of revenge against humanity；Wait。But under the social environment of Japan at the time，The image of Astro Boy is too deeply rooted in the hearts of the people，Tezuka Osamu’s thoughts on technology and human nature were not conveyed to the audience as well as he hoped。

If the theme of "Astro Boy" is rooted in the social soil of post-war Japan，But in character creation、Aesthetic orientation is influenced by the West, especially American science fiction films，Then "Doraemon" (1973) and "Arale" (1981), which also featured life-sized intelligent robots in the 1970s and 1980s，shows more of the characteristics of Japanese science fiction animation。Both works are based on relaxed and happy family life、Featuring novel science fiction props，The protagonist with character flaws vividly displays Japanese humor。At the same time，Doraemon、Arale is also like Astro Boy，Representative of robots as human beings’ best friends，Become the best annotation of Japanese app bet365 download culture that is different from the West。

　The "Armor of Science" that extends app bet365 download physical power

"Astro Boy" has had an unparalleled impact on future generations，But judging from the number of works，Since then, the development trend of Japanese app bet365 download animation has gradually deviated from the direction of the type that looks like a human being。This is mainly due to the popularity of tokusatsu films in the 1960s、The on-screen duel between Big Monster and Superman is so popular among the audience。

Japanese giant app bet365 download animation originated from "Tetsujin 28" (1963) by Mitsuki Yokoyama。The comic of the same name has been serialized since 1956，The animated version was popular on TV stations in the same year as "Astro Boy"。Tetsujin 28 was originally a secret weapon that the Japanese Army ordered Dr. Kaneda and others to develop at the end of World War II in order to reverse the war situation，Being banned on an uninhabited island after defeat。A few years later，This huge app bet365 download suddenly appeared in Tokyo，And destroy the city crazily。Later, Dr. Kaneda’s son Shotaro got Iron Man’s wireless remote control，Thus becoming the controller of Iron Man and fighting side by side to safeguard justice。Earliest in the comic version，For the height of Iron Man，Hengshan Guanghui’s idea is relatively simple - as long as he is taller than humans，So the height of Iron Man will sometimes be taller or shorter depending on the scene，It wasn’t until the TV animation version that it was clear that the height of Iron Man No. 28 was 10.2 meters、Weight 31 tons。Although Iron Man has a humanoid appearance, he also has powerful combat capabilities，But it is not intelligent，Rely on human control。This is also after Shotaro mastered the remote control，The reason why Iron Man No. 28 immediately transformed from an evil villain to the embodiment of justice。

In the film, Shotaro is holding the joystick app bet365 download remote control，You can control Iron Man’s actions through radio。This primitive control method underwent a drastic change in Nagai Go's "Mazinger Z" (1972) in the 1970s。

　In "Mazinger Z"，Dr. Kabutojuzo is trying to stop Dr. Hell’s ambition to rule the world，Created the giant app bet365 download Mazinger Z，And entrusted it to his grandson Dougaer before his death，The latter drives Mazinger Z to fight against Dr. Hell’s app bet365 download army。Same as Iron Man No. 28，Mazinger Z is not an intelligent app bet365 download either，Kabuter has mastered the key to controlling Mazinger Z with his superior motor skills and driving skills，He controls it by flying into the head of Mazinger Z in an aircraft。Influenced by "Mazinger Z"，Most of the subsequent giant app bet365 download animations have continued this "internal cockpit control" model。

Non-intelligent mechanical devices such as Mazinger Z that are driven by humans，commonly known as "mecha" in English，Chinese called "Mecha"，But in the Japanese context it is the same as an intelligent app bet365 download，All called "app bet365 download" (app bet365 download)。Giant app bet365 download animation before the 1990s，Use a simple binary model of good and evil in story structure，The protagonist app bet365 download is controlled by a representative of the justice party，For example, in "Mazinger Z"，Are robots a "demon" that threatens peace or a "god" that maintains peace，Total control by the driver。The quality of science and technology depends on the goodness and evil of human nature，The theme of "Astro Boy" is continued here。

For a long time after the war，The topic of what role science and technology should play in a society committed to humanistic values，Always the focus of discussion among Japanese science fiction animation creators。In addition，The app bet365 download has changed from being remotely controlled to being driven by humans inside the app bet365 download，This change realizes the integration of humans and robots。Some Japanese scholars pointed out，Advocating the powerful and invincible mechanical body reflects human beings' belief in the power of science，The huge app bet365 download symbolizes a app bet365 download that can be controlled by humans、The "Armor of Science" that contains huge potential；Human enters the app bet365 download and becomes one with it，reflects the human dream of pursuing the extension of physical power ("The Sociology of Giant Robots"，Legal Culture Society 2019 Edition)。

The 1970s and 1980s were the years when Japanese giant app bet365 download animation flourished，This is also an era when Japan’s economy is booming。With the pulse of the development of the times，Many app bet365 download animations gradually reveal their emphasis on entertainment、The tendency to ignore ideological aspects。However，"Mobile Suit Gundam" (1979) is unique，Achieved a leap in both artistry and thought。The story revolves around the war between the Earth Federation and the colonial countries in the universe，But there is no absolute distinction between good and evil between the warring parties。The work uses a huge and complex worldview system，Discussed the situation of people in war from a broader perspective。“GUNDAM” is a deformable humanoid fighting mech，Combat controlled by the pilot，But the focus of the work has changed from expressing the extension of human physical abilities to focusing on the growth of the soul，Gundam is just a concentrated body of contradictions that promotes the plot。Packaging with gorgeous machine fighting scenes，Revealing the political confrontation between countries，Strife between different interest groups，Expresses the creator’s criticism of war、Social torture and reflection on human nature。

　app bet365 download-machine integration inspires philosophical thinking

Since the 1990s，Robots in Japanese science fiction animation have become more high-tech and diverse in visual effects，Brilliant colors、The slender streamlined shape reflects the unique Japanese app bet365 download aesthetics。The form of robots also appears bionic、Software、New changes such as human-machine integration，Biological Genetics、The blessing of artificial intelligence technology，The robots of this period lost a lot of the atmosphere of steel machinery。At the same time，The boundaries between humans and robots are gradually becoming blurred，Prompt the audience to shift their focus to the relationship between man and machine、Thinking about the meaning of human existence and other issues。

"Neon Genesis Evangelion", which was broadcast in 1995, incorporates religion、Philosophy、Psychology and other elements，Telling about the ruins of world war，The story of human beings fighting against the "apostles" of unknown life forms in order to realize the reconstruction plan。"Evangelion"(Evangelion，EVA for short)，The body is composed of artificial bones and muscles，The outside is covered with a device that controls its energy、The armor known as the "Restrainer"。EVA driven by humans，At the same time, they have souls，For example, the soul of Unit-00 is the mother of its pilot, Shinji Ikari。The protagonist Shinji Ikari is a coward、Slender and sensitive boy，Forced to become the pilot of Unit 1 under the orders of his father，He looks forward to his father’s approval，But the brutal battle brought him unbearable psychological pressure。Just like the young app bet365 download in the post-bubble economy era，Want to work hard but pessimistic and hesitant，Want to gain social recognition，The society is as frightening to them as the "apostles"。This kind of character with a strong sense of substitution，Made "Neon Genesis Evangelion" resonate strongly with young audiences。The method of human reconstruction set in the work is to complete the human heart，That is to break the barrier of the soul - the wall of the heart，And it is EVA Unit 1 that ultimately determines the fate of humankind。EVA obtains divine power through the infusion of human souls，Humanity is finally saved by EVA，Such a setting gives the robots in "Neon Genesis Evangelion" more humanistic color and philosophical depth。

　Theatrical version of "Ghost in the Shell" released in 1995，Also elevate app bet365 download animation to the level of philosophical speculation。There is not only the imagination of artificial intelligence combat robots in the film，It also describes the landscape of bizarre high-tech intervention in the human body。The protagonist Motoko Kusanagi is except for part of the brain and spinal cord，Full-body prosthetic man，As the captain of the ninth section of the Public Security Bureau that detects high-tech crimes，She is often confused about her body and identity when performing tasks。Motoko’s confusion not only touches on the fundamental concepts of “human” and “app bet365 download”，There is also a hidden discussion on the crisis of subjectivity caused by the intervention of post-human social technology in the body。

Since the 21st century，Although the number of new Japanese app bet365 download animations has decreased significantly，But the original phenomenal works continue to release sequels，There have also been overseas remakes of "Astro Boy" (2009), adaptations that pay tribute to classics, and derivative works such as "Pacific Rim" (2013)。Looking at the development of Japanese science fiction animation for more than half a century，The app bet365 download image is constantly being updated，But the two major topics of "technology and human nature" and "reflection on war" have never left the scene，And its focus always echoes the social problems faced by Japan at different times。Therefore，It is not so much that these app bet365 download imaginations reflect the industrial strength and technological level of contemporary Japan，It is better to say that it projects more of the collective consciousness of post-war Japanese society based on past and current experiences。Science fiction imagination must be supported by social and cultural structures to be viable，This is why Japanese app bet365 download animation is influenced by Europe and the United States，The reason why we can successfully build a system with our own characteristics。

　　(The author is an associate professor app bet365 download School of Foreign Languages ​​and Culture, South China Normal University)