Li Jiannong (1880-1963)，People from Shaoyang, Hunan，Famous Historian、Economic Historian。Joined the Tongmenghui in 1906，Entered Waseda University in Japan in 1910 to study political economics。Returned to China in 1911 to participate in the Revolution of 1911，Formerly served as President of the State Council of Hunan Province and Director of the Education Department。November 1924，Resigned due to political differences with Hunan warlord Zhao Hengti，Since then, I have concentrated on studying，Dedicated to the research and teaching of modern Chinese history。

Early summer 1927，Li Jiannong went to Shanghai，Served as editor director of Pacific Bookstore，In addition to writing books such as "The Major Events of China in the Sixty Years After Sun Yat-sen's Birth" and "Soviet Russia's Eastern Policy"，Concentrate on the study of Chinese political history in the thirty years after the 1898 Movement。Autumn 1930，Li Jiannong is employed by Wuhan University，Former professor of the School of Liberal Arts and head of the Department of History，Teaching modern Chinese political history。Published "Chinese Political History in the Last Thirty Years" in 1930，"Introduction to Political Science" published by The Commercial Press in 1934，Later, "China's Political History in the Last Thirty Years" was expanded into "China's Political History in the Last Hundred Years"，Published by Lam Tin National Normal College in 1942，Has a significant impact on academic circles at home and abroad，Received great attention from Chinese and foreign scholars，Commercial Press、Fudan University Press and others have published more than 10 editions。The 1956 English version was translated by Deng Siyu, a famous Chinese historian at Indiana University，Published by Princeton University Press，Posted by Stanford University Press、Reprinted many times by Princeton University Press。1964，Hindi edition published in New Delhi。2013，Wuhan University Press launches English version for the first time in China，And included in Wuhan University's "Centennial Classics" series。

In the study of ancient Chinese economic history，He was greatly influenced by Marxist historical materialism，Dedicated to mining historical materials and constructing historical facts，Thus showing the style of a powerful faction。The three-volume "Ancient Chinese Economic History Manuscript" which he devoted more than 20 years to writing，It can be called one of the masterpieces at the beginning of the discipline of ancient Chinese economic history，Widely respected by the academic community。He returned to Shaoyang in 1949，Participate in Hunan self-rescue movement。In July 1950, he served as consultant to the Central-South Military and Political Commission，He will return to Wuhan University to teach soon。Served as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in 1954，Going blind in the same year。Died of illness on December 14, 1963。

Li Jiannong is one of the important pioneers in the research field of modern Chinese history and ancient economic history，Served as the dean of the History Department of Wuhan University for a long time，His representative works "Political History of China in the Past Hundred Years" and "Draft of Ancient Chinese Economic History" are still important reference books in related fields。Historical research on his collection、Newspaper editor、Education and other careers in one，Become an important historian of modern China。1943，He published "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years"。This book is quite unique in terms of material selection and narrative，Chinese and foreign versions are constantly being reprinted，Known as “the clearest and only comprehensive review of China’s modern political history”，It has long been highly valued by academic circles at home and abroad，A classic work in the field of political science history。1991，Li Jiannong、Chen Yinke、Chen Yuan and other 14 Chinese historians are included in the "Dictionary of Modern International Major Historians" published by Greenwood Company in bet365 live casino games New York, USA，further established his status as an international historian。

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June 10, 1880，Li Jiannong was born in Zhuanwu Village, Tantou, Shaoyang County, Hunan Province (now Tantou Town, Longhui County, Shaoyang City)。Study in private school in childhood，Admitted to Hunan Province Zhonglu Normal School in 1904 to study history and geography，Specialize in history。He was influenced by the trend of reforming and saving the country when he was a boy，Enthusively supports the reform and reform，And joined the China Alliance in school。After graduating in 1908, he stayed at the school to teach，Teaching Period，He actively spreads revolutionary ideas to students。1910，Li Jiannong traveled east to Japan with the will to seek knowledge and save the country，Studying political economics at Waseda University。

While studying in Japan，In addition to diligently studying courses related to "Political Economics"，Also actively participates in various activities of the Alliance，With Sun Yat-sen、Huang Xing、Song Jiaoren、Zhang Taiyan and others have extensive contact。Autumn 1911，The Wuchang Uprising breaks out，He resolutely gave up his studies，Return to China to participate in the revolutionary struggle，And quickly compiled "The Beginning and End of the Wuhan Revolution"，Passionately praising the people’s yearning for democracy、The heroic and fearless fighting spirit yearning for freedom，Ruthlessly exposed the cruelty and brutality of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty、The corrupt nature of dictatorship and reaction。

Spring 1912，Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of victory of the Revolution of 1911。At that time，Li Jiannong works as a news editor at the Republic of China Daily in Hankou。The newspaper opposes Yuan Shikai’s implementation of imperial restoration、The dictatorship that suppressed the republic，Support the revolutionary actions of armed crusade against Yuan Shikai across the country。The newspaper was seized on June 24, 1913，Li Jiannong is wanted for this reason。July 1913，He crossed west by ship，Study in the UK，Enter London School of Economics，Study and study the political theories and political systems of European and American countries，Check political history, constitutional history and other relevant information，An in-depth study of British parliamentary politics and federalism。

　Summer 1916，Li Jiannong returned from studying in England，Served as editor of "China News" in Shanghai，Specialized in political commentary，Expose the atrocities of reactionary warlords，Advocating political reform。Next year，He also founded the political publication "Pacific" magazine with his classmates，Self-recommendation，Served as Editorial Director，And published a series of articles，Propaganda reconciliation，Promote mutual concessions between various factions，Realize national reunification on the basis of inter-provincial autonomy。1920，He accepted the appointment of Zhao Hengti, Governor of Hunan Province，Participated in drafting the Constitution of Hunan Province，This is the first provincial-level constitution in Chinese history。December 1921，He serves as the President of the State Council of Hunan Province，Concurrently serves as Director of the Education Department of Hunan Province，Trying to create a democratic experimental field in China。Due to corruption under warlord rule，This ideal was quickly shattered。November 1924，Due to political differences with the authorities，He resigned in anger，Specializes in education and academic research。

In his later years, Li Jiannong underwent tremendous changes in his ideological consciousness and writing content，Consciously accepted the doctrine of Marxist historical materialism，Using class struggle theory to analyze history。He was founded by a former liberal，Historians who don’t talk about ism，Transformed into a participant who has a favorable impression of the Communist Party。Spring 1949，Li Jiannong participated in the self-rescue movement in Hunan at that time。If you say，At this time, he showed his favorable impression of the Communist Party out of his hatred of the Kuomintang's corruption，Then，To October 1949，He has undergone major changes in his thinking，Understand from the perspective of social and historical Bet365 app download development that "only the Communist Party can save China"。

　Because of this，In 1950, he was hired as a consultant to the Central-South Military and Political Commission，Served as the second member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference from 1954 to 1963、Three-term committee member，Continue to contribute ideas and suggestions to the country。1954，"Lecture Notes on the History of Ming and Qing Dynasties" has not yet been revised for printing，Li Jiannong is blind。December 14, 1963，His medical treatment failed，Died in Wuhan。

　Adhere to historical materialism and seek truth from facts

1928，Shanghai Pacific Bookstore publishes Li Jiannong's "The Major Events of China in the Sixty Years After Sun Yat-sen's Birth"，More than 600,000 words in the book。He thinks，The changes before the Reform Movement of 1898 were just changes in utensils，The political changes started with the Reform Movement of 1898。In order to explain clearly the background before the reform，He used Sun Yat-sen’s birth year as the starting point，A systematic and detailed summary and description of major domestic events from 1866 to 1928，Accumulated material for the subsequent compilation of "Chinese Political History in the Last Thirty Years"，Laid the foundation。

October 1930，"Political History of China in the Last Thirty Years" published，Reprinted five times in four years，Has a great impact on society。Autumn 1930，Li Jiannong is employed by National Wuhan University，Served as professor in the Department of History and Department of Political Science，Teaching modern Chinese history、Introduction to Ancient Chinese Economic History and Politics。In order to meet the needs of teaching，In 1942, he deleted the "Introduction" from "Chinese Political History in the Last Thirty Years"、Chapter 12 "Explanation of Chinese political history in the past thirty years and the way forward"，Added four chapters: "Introduction", "Opium War", "Hongyang Revolutionary Era" and "Western Imitation Era"，Expanded to "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years"。1960，He also made slight changes to "Chinese Political History in the Last Thirty Years"，Renamed "Political History of the Thirty Years since the 1898 Movement"，Published by Zhonghua Book Company。

1931，Zou Taofen published a book review article praising: "A book about history，Often boring，Making readers feel drowsy，However, although the book "China's Political History in the Last Thirty Years" has 652 pages，Not too thick，But it can make readers read it like reading a novel，Just pick it up，I feel that the author has a mixed bag of complicated materials，Just pick it up，Organize in an orderly manner，Commentary is clear and smooth，It can give readers a clear idea of ​​the political facts of our country in the past thirty years。”

Currently，"China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years" is a classic work that is often consulted and widely cited by domestic and foreign scholars。This work is based on accurate information、Full information、Accurate narrative，Pay attention to the root causes of historical events，And contact us for a comprehensive analysis of the social situation at that time，Restore the original appearance of history。And，The book comments on the current situation without restraint，Justice，Historical celebrities are no exception。

Comply with historical objectivity，This is the first priority that historians should abide by，You cannot make rash judgments without historical data support。Li Jiannong once said: "We who study history，The most important thing to note，It is to make judgments based on objective facts，It is to make judgments based on objective facts。”

When discussing the history of the Opium War，Li Jiannong believes: "Lin Zexu was among the great officials in the Daoguang era，is a solid service、Excellent people who surpass their peers。His earnest and sincere spirit，We should still admire it、Admire。But his external thoughts and knowledge were limited by the times。”Visible，Li Jiannong can proceed from historical reality，Comprehensive and objective evaluation of historical figures，Abide by the principles that ancient and modern historians should follow when evaluating historical figures。

Use comparative method to analyze historical events and the reasons for the success or failure of characters，This is another major feature of the book。As in the chapter "Hong Yang Revolutionary Era"，When he analyzed bet365 live casino games the reasons for the failure of the Taiping Army and the victory of the Hunan Army，Comparisons were made in four aspects: first，In military strategy，The Taiping Army only cares about moving forward，Regardless of the safety of the rear；The Hunan Army is down-to-earth，Progress step by step，We are not relaxed at all about security issues in the rear。Second，In policy making，The Taiping Army only focused on attacking the city，Only predation，Only predation，Disregarding caring for the people；The Hunan Army used Luo Bingzhang、Hu Linyi is responsible for the upstream management of the land and the people。Third，In terms of talents，The Taiping Army has too few people with political talents；The Hunan Army has many talented people。Fourth，In terms of ideologicalism，The nationalism of the Taiping Army was changed by Hong Xiuquan’s theocracy，Lost the effectiveness it should have；The Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius held by the Hunan Army，deeply rooted in China，Hong Xiuquan’s popular theocracy is fake，Zeng Guofan’s famous religionism is true。

It is precisely because of the above characteristics，The book has received great praise from the society after its publication。1947，"China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years" is produced in paperback by The Commercial Press，Published in two volumes，Reprinted in 1948。Nearly ten years，Fudan University、Wuhan University and other domestic universities and publishing institutions have republished it many times。Wuhan University and other domestic universities and publishing institutions have republished it many times，Reprinted in 1992。

　Chinese scholars help establish international status

1950，Deng Siyu was teaching modern Chinese history at Indiana University，Due to lack of teaching materials，Translated part of Li Jiannong's "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years" into English，Used as a reference textbook for graduate students。May 1950，He published a book review article in the American Far Eastern Quarterly，Thought “the book is neither too detailed nor too brief。It doesn’t contain too many unnecessary names。The author’s views are pertinent and objective，Unbiased，It is an ideal textbook”。In the following years，He is based on the 1948 Commercial Press edition，Translate the entire book。

In order to help Western readers better understand the content of "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years"，Reflect the academic value of the original work，Deng Siyu accurately understood and translated carefully，After obtaining the consent of Mr. Jiannon，Adjustments, additions and deletions to the original work。The first is to add five auxiliary parts in addition to the main text: translator’s preface、Bibliography、Reading background and notes、Index of names of people and places，Insert 1-2 China district maps in each chapter。The main thing added in the text is background knowledge，Some are added directly to the book，Some are placed as endnotes in the notes added at the end of the book。According to the author’s statistics，In each chapter of the English translation，196 added comments，Involving historical figures、Revolutionary events、Social Movement、Official position name、National customs, etc.。This means，Translators not only need to mobilize multiple aspects、Multidisciplinary、Knowledge reserves from multiple perspectives，We need to devote a lot of effort and research experience，At the same time, there must be macro considerations and micro analysis、Multiple abilities to choose from。In order to allow Western readers to read more authentic English texts，Master’s student who was later taught by Deng Siyu in Chicago、Ingalls, who was a lecturer at Rockford College at the time, participated in the polishing。

　1956，Princeton University Press and D. Van. Published simultaneously by Nostrand Press，The book is titled The Political History of China，1840-1928 ("Chinese Political History，1840—1928》)。Princeton University Press in 1962、1963、1964、Reprinted in 1968；Stanford University Press in 1967、The book was published twice in 1969；1963，East-West Press also published this book；1964，Hindi edition published in New Delhi。

1950s-1970s，This book is a very popular reference book in graduate teaching in the United States。2006，The famous scholar Xiao Zhizhi introduced in the preface to the reprint of "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years" published by Wuhan University: "A total of bet365 Play online games 5,200 volumes of the English version of this book have been published，So many of them，It is rare among similar works in the United States。”2011，American Literary Licensing，LLC Publishing House republished it twice within two months (September-October) (note Li Jiannong on the cover、Written by Deng Siyu)。November 2013，Wuhan University Press publishes English hardcover edition in China for the first time，And included in Wuhan University's "Centennial Classics" series。

Deng Siyu before the English version of "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years" was published，First handed to Fairbank for review，And mark "To John King Fairbank" in a prominent position on the first page of this book。Fairbank replied that "China's Political History in the Past Hundred Years" is "the clearest and only comprehensive review of China's modern political history... for Western researchers，As a reliable documentary history and a compilation of important materials, it has important value”。

In addition，This work has also been widely praised by international historians。Yale University sinologist Richard L. Walker) see English translation，Published a book review in the American Historical Review in April 1957，“Li Jiannong’s works are of high academic value，It is not only a basic reference bibliography for graduate students during this period，And also as a viewpoint of Chinese academic evaluation in this historical period，Introduction to the West。Deng Siyu and Ingels overcame many difficulties in editing and translation，Convert original Chinese information into understandable English。By deleting duplicate content and adding system comments、Index and bibliography，Further emphasize the value of Li’s work”。

Weber of Columbia University (C. Martin Wilbur) also pointed out: "The translator eliminated many redundant contents in the book，Reduced the length of the book，Re-edited the original book content，Added citations for many unexplained words and phrases，Also adds a good bibliographic summary and map。For Western students at all levels，They will all be the beneficiaries of these efforts。"Spector Stanley of the University of Washington also published a book review in 1958，“For a college-level textbook，The translator not only provides vivid commentary，It also provides a translation standard for a broad understanding of Chinese historical works。This book is for American teachers and students who have been troubled，Will provide the greatest practical value”。

　Multidisciplinary integration and innovative research methods

For Marxist philosophy and social science research，Often involves natural science、Political Science、Economics、Multiple knowledge levels such as sociology and philosophy。Learn and learn from the research results of previous scholars，It will help current historians absorb their experience and methods of governing history。

May 4, 2015，Hu Zhaoxi published an article "Comprehensive Research is the Basic Method of Historical Research" in "People's Daily"，Emphasis on this issue again。Li Jiannong general history and politics、Combination of economics and other related disciplines，Multidisciplinary、Multi-directional、Multi-level comprehensive research，Use a variety of evidence to find out the true face of history。Li Jiannong’s academic methods have universal reference significance，It is worth our serious study。

In the study of ancient Chinese economic history，1943，Li Jiannong's "Lectures on Chinese Economic History" is published by Lantian New China Book Company。1957，His three-volume "Manuscript of the Economic History of Ancient China" was published by Sanlian Bookstore，Including his rewritten "Economic History of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties", "Economic History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties" and "Economic History of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties"。This is the earliest multi-volume work on Chinese economic history published after the founding of New China，Teaching reference materials used in universities across the country，Its authority is recognized by the academic community。

Li Jiannong in ancient economic research，More about policy、System、War、The impact of geographical location and other factors on the economy。For example，Large-scale population migration in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，The main reason is the political turmoil、The war continues。Zairu，Chang'an was the political Bet365 lotto review capital of the Qin and Han dynasties，So it is also a commercial city with concentrated wealth。But as far as transportation is concerned，Chang'an is not very convenient in terms of physical geography。So after Dong Zhuo’s rebellion，Chang'an rises and falls impermanently，All affected by politics。

　Facts proved，Discovered during in-depth research，Some things seem to be economic problems，In fact, it is a political law、Social development stages or natural laws at work；Some things seem to be political phenomena，In fact, it is an economic issue or a cultural issue。Interdisciplinary research only，Only by approaching the true nature of things。Today's era，Historical research moves toward multidisciplinary research，It is not only the development trend of the subject itself，This is also the higher requirement placed on history by the development of modern society。If you want to create a classic work，We must carry out research work along this line of thinking。

When Li Jiannong was studying the economic background before the Taiping Rebellion，Tabulate the increase in population and cultivated land area in the Qing Dynasty，To prove that the population at that time exceeded the supply that the cultivated land area and productivity could accommodate。Not enough land to distribute，Farmers are becoming increasingly poor，Selling fields to relieve hunger，The gap between the rich and the poor then widened，Increase in unemployment among people，This resulted in a situation where the people were forced to revolt。

Li Jiannong when describing the Taiping Rebellion，Put it in a grand historical context，Analyzed the impact of the Taiping Rebellion on the instability of the Qing Dynasty’s rule and local forces。He pointed out: Zeng Guofan developed from a team training officer to a Hunan Army member，This is the starting point of the Qing Dynasty’s transfer of state military power to the Han people。Local governors obtain national military power，The army changes from a unit to a multi-unit，The weakening power of centralized rule。It was he who universally linked the cause and effect of historical events，Only in order to discover the causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty。This is also the reason why the warlord separatism led to the collapse of the Kuomintang rule during the Republic of China。When Li Jiannong analyzed the Taiping Rebellion，Not limited to the analysis of temporary success or failure，Instead, it is committed to predicting the overall historical events，Look further into the rights and wrongs of the Qing Dynasty’s overall decision-making，Analysis of the Beiyang warlords even decades later，Discuss based on specific historical events。

Research on the development pattern of human society，Marx in "Critique of Political Economy"，There are two classic discussions: "Bourgeois economics can only occur when the self-criticism of bourgeois society has begun，In order to understand feudalism、Ancient and Eastern Economy”；"Generally speaking，Asian、Ancient、The feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production can be regarded as several eras of economic and social forms”。The focus issue，Mainly focus on how to view and understand Marx’s above discussion。The issues discussed mainly include: What is Asia’s production method，Has this production method ever existed in China；Has China experienced the era of slave society；What are the characteristics of China’s feudal society, etc.。

On the issue of whether there was a slave society in ancient Chinese society，Li Jiannong believes that China was an immature slave society during the Yin and Shang Dynasties，Or early slave society。Because farming tools were generally rough at that time，One person’s strength is limited，This can only be achieved by gathering the majority of people to work together，Therefore, its social organization is based on the commune system。Slaves are owned by the tribe，No different than land，Therefore, China’s Yin and Shang era was a slave society。Li Jiannong’s views on social form，Completely based on economic basis。Although scholars from various schools have different positions and opinions，But he chose the Marxist theory of social formation，Analysis of the nature of Chinese society，Organize the writing of ancient Chinese economic history as a whole，And inherited and developed the Marxist theory of social formation。

"Ancient Chinese Economic History Manuscript" published in 1957 discusses the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui bet365 best casino games and Tang parts and the Song and Yuan parts，Differences from the pre-Qin and Han part published in 1943，The content is more substantial，The time span increases，More perfect。As the first series of research monographs on ancient Chinese economy published after the founding of New China，The book takes the changes in productivity and production relations as clues，Focus on exploring ancient agriculture, industry and commerce and the development of the economic system during this period，Pay attention to the development of emerging industries during this period、The rise and fall of foreign commerce and trade。

1984，Professor Lucien Poia, editor-in-chief of "International Dictionary of Great Historians", sent a letter to the Chinese Historical Society through Professor Zhang Zhilian of Peking University，Indicated that they will compile an "International Dictionary of Great Historians"，Including great historians from all over the world who have made special contributions from ancient times to the present。Original plan to include 30 Chinese historians。After careful study by the Chinese Historical Society，Confirmed recommendation of 33 great historians of ancient and modern China (limited to deceased historians)，And hire someone to write the entry。Due to the large length of the book，Later published in two volumes: ancient and modern times。The "Dictionary of Ancient International Great Historians" includes 312 great historians from all over the world who died before 1800，Including Sima Guang、Wang Fuzhi and other 19 Chinese historians，Published 1989 by Greenwood Company。The "Dictionary of Modern International Great Historians" includes 664 great historians from all over the world after 1800。Including 14 Chinese (including Chinese) historians，Li Jiannong、Chen Yinke、Chen Yuan, Gu Jiegang and others were selected，Published 1991 by Greenwood Company。

Li Jiannong as a Marxist historian，Not only always follows the principle of seeking truth from facts，At the same time, from the perspective of evolutionary history、Historical materialism as a guide，From the relationship between productivity and production relations、Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary perspective，Research on historical issues。On the basis of inheriting and developing Marxist theory，He embodies the characteristics of the times，Also shows its own academic research characteristics，It still has reference and reference value for today’s historical research，It is also of great academic significance for understanding and recognizing the development of modern Chinese historical thought。

　　(The author is a professor at the Shanghai Teaching Center of Hong Kong International Business School；Lecturer, School of Foreign Languages, East China University of Political Science and Law)