Chen Hansheng (1897-2004)，Jiangsu Wuxi people，Former name Chen Shu，Famous social scientists and social activists。I studied in Donglin Elementary School in the early years、Mingde Middle School、Yali School，In 1915, I went to the United States to work and study frugal，In 1916, he entered the University of Po Mona，Professional based on history。Entering the University of Chicago in 1920，Get a master's degree。Enter Harvard University in 1922，Later to Europe，Dr. Berlin University in 1924。In the same year，invited by Cai Yuanpei to return to Peking University to teach，Introduction to Li Dazhao as a communist international work。1927 to go to the Soviet International Farmers Movement Institute as a researcher，A debate with Maribial on the nature of China's rural areas。Back to China in 1928，Director of the Social Team of the Social Science Research Institute of the Institute of Social Sciences the following year，Organize large -scale China Rural Survey，Writing a number of rural issues research works。officially established the China Rural Economic Research Association in 1933，Founding "Rural China" magazine。1934，Working to Toyo Library in Japan。Go to the Soviet Union in 1935，Ren Moscow Oriental Communist Labor University Special Researcher，Join the Communist Party of China。Working to the Pacific Society of the United States in 1936，Assist Rao Shushi to do "Overseas Chinese Daily"。In 1939, I went to Hong Kong to assist Song Qingling to carry out the "Gonghe" movement，Founding "Far East Communication"。Move to Guilin in 1942，In 1946, he went to the United States to serve as a special professor at Washington State University。1950 Prime Minister Zhou Enlai invited to return to China，Advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs、Vice President of Foreign Affairs Society and other positions，Hand and serve the second、Member of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference，First、2、The 3rd National People's Congress representative。Assist Song Qingling to organize "China Construction"。1955 was selected as a member of the Ministry of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Director of the World History Research Office of the History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1962，After serving as a consultant to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Honorary Director of the Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Part -time professor of Peking University and the School of Foreign Affairs。

Chen Hansheng is Marxist rural economist、Sociologist、historian、Social activist，It is a well -known academic everyone in Chinese and Western、The earliest practitioners who studied the realistic problems of Chinese society with Marxism，His academic research and social activities can solve the real problem of Chinese reality、Promote social development as the center。He tried to understand the actual situation of Chinese society with a wide range of rural society，Then answer the nature of Chinese society，This job achievement is outstanding、The impact is huge，It is the pioneering and expanding work of Chinese social science research in the field of rural surveys。Chen Hansheng is also a revolutionaries who are doing their best，Not only is the pen as a weapon，Exposing the crime of the imperialist country's invasion of China，and carried out revolutionary activities，Struggle with the attitude of a warrior。

　　bet365 best casino games

Chen Hansheng studied in the United States and Germany in the early years，History as the main business，Being able to use English writing，Use Germany、Russia、Day、Dharma and other languages ​​to study，Get a doctorate degree from the University of Berlin in 1924。In the same year，Invited by Mr. Cai Yuanpei，Chen Hansheng returned to China with his wife Gu Shu type。Chen Hansheng goes to Peking University to teach，During this period, I met Li Dazhao，Introduction through it，I met the Soviet Ambassador to China, Garaham and some Soviet friends。These interactions allow him to read "Capital" and discuss with friends，Gradually use the historical materialist Bet365 lotto review view as the main research method。He recalled in his later years: "My past in Europe and America did not make me understand history，but just some historical materials、Stacking of historical facts，Reading "Capital Theory"，Only to make me understand the real history。"1926，Chen Hansheng once saw Cai Hesen，Know the situation of the Hailufeng Farmers Movement。Li Dazhao was arrested，Chen Hansheng and Gu Shu type arrived in the Soviet Union through Japan，A researcher at the Institute of International Farmers Movement organized by the Communist International。

The 1920s and 1930s，The communist international internal argument about the social nature of China is very intense，The understanding of this problem is closely related to the policy and policy of the Chinese revolution。Chen Hansheng met the Hungarian Ma Jial, who served as the Minister of the Institute at the International Farmers Movement of the Institute of the International Farmers Movement。Mali is the representative of the Asian production method theory，I visited China in 1926，I am writing "Research on China's Rural Economic Research"。The two are issues on the nature of Chinese society、Chinese agricultural products and other issues have been argued。Maribial thinks，China's production method belongs to the production method of Asia，The form of Yongxuan system in the East is the characteristics of China，Not the level of the capitalist production method is not the level、feudal land ownership，but the ownership of the farmers and the land ownership of the landlord，Imperialism expands to China to bring capitalism，Its characteristics are that capitalism cannot conquer and eliminate commercial usury capital，Only below fiscal capital。Chen Hansheng believes that China's reality is more complicated，To know this complexity，I urgently need to conduct an informative social survey。

1928，Chen Hansheng couple returns to China，Invitation of Mr. Cai Yuanpei，Chen Hansheng served as director of the Social Team of the Social Sciences Research Institute of the Central Academy of Sciences the following year，Leading a group of youth starts the Chinese rural survey。At that time，Many domestic and foreign groups have conducted a variety of social surveys on Chinese society。Chen Hansheng made full theoretical preparation for the survey，Widely collects survey information，Analysis of the survey method advantages and disadvantages，Avoiding the strengths。Except "Capital"，They also discuss Lenin、Katzki、Maribiar、Liao Qianke and other Marxists' methods and opinions。They use Marxist theory and method as theoretical guidance and main method，The theory and method of Western Social Sciences，Investigation footprints all over Jiangsu、Hebei、Zhejiang、Heilongjiang、Guangdong、Yunnan、Guangxi、Shaanxi and other places。Chen Hansheng completed the "Development of China's Rural Economic Research", "Differences of the Mu", "Rural Production Relations of the feudal society", "Refugee Exile", "Farmers and Landlords in Heilongjiang Basin"。The publication of them through extensive investigation and various research reports，Wide difference between rural rural areas in China、Land measurement method and regional differences of the unit、Unewal land allocation、Complex land ownership、Farmers' heavy tax burden and other conditions，It is presented to researchers and readers at home and abroad。They officially established the China Rural Economic Research Association in 1933，Founding "Rural China" magazine，Wide publicity of Marxist views in the middle of youth，Xue Muqiao, who participated in the survey、Sun Yefang、Wang Yinsheng and many other youths，or grow into Marxist economist，Or participating in the revolution has something to do。

The 1930s，Chinese social nature、Chinese Social History and Rural Social Nature of China，Refers to how to analyze the important theoretical problem of Chinese social form in the method of Marxism。In the Rural Social Social Battle Battle，Qian Junrui, "Rural School in China"、Xue Muqiao, etc. is one party，Emperor Yichang、Zhang Zhicheng and others are the other party，The argument between the two sides of the battle includes: Chinese social nature、Rural Issue Research Method、The interaction between productivity and production relationship、Divide the class method、The impact of imperialism on the development of Chinese society、The role of capital、Features of bet365 Play online games the economy of small farmers、Whether the landlord operates in a capitalist manner, etc.。These topics involve the research method of rural issues，also includes understanding of Chinese social forms。Chen Hansheng and members of the "Chinese Rural School" make full use of newspapers such as "New China", "Rural China" and "Yishi News"，Published Han、Ying、Day、Russian version of "Guangdong Rural Production Relations and Production Relations and Productivity" and other works，Based on rural surveys，Make a semi -colonial semi -feudal nature of Chinese society，Exposure to the explanation of left -wing scholars well，Refucaries that Chinese society believes that Chinese society is already a capitalist nature。Chen Hansheng and "Chinese Rural School" members use Marxism to study China's rural issues，It is an academic practice with production relationships as the center。Chen Hansheng edited the articles of Xue Muqiao and others as "Rural China" English paper set，Published in the United States with the funding of the Pacific Society，Published a Japanese version。These articles are complicated to land rights in rural society in China、Unewal land allocation、Advancement of usury、Farmers with heavy burden、The decline of handicraft industry has been analyzed and exposed，The necessity of the land revolution in China。Chen Hansheng has become an expert in Chinese rural issues recognized by the Western academic community，to this day，His view is still valued。

October 1940，Chen Hansheng went to Xishuangbanna to investigate，Complete the "Land System of Southwest China" ("The Land System of the West Shuangbanna before liberation" is its selection book)。He pointed out，The administrative institution and the rural commune of Xishuangbanna feudalism are coexisting，Existing the former feudal rural commune，Land belongs to the tribe and its clan members，Rural Commune Implementation of land collective ownership，Blood margin always plays a control role in the rural commune。This study enriches the understanding of the social nature of China，It also provides empirical materials for the "Asian production method" argument。Chen Hansheng opposes the social form of social form of Chinese society into the "Asian production method"。He pays attention to the differences in the production relations of different regions in China，Chinese society in the first half of the 20th century as a transformation society，The complete feudal has not passed、Society of complete capitalism has not yet arrived，On the basis of understanding area differences，Analysis of what production relationship is analyzed。He belongs to Chinese society into the former capitalist、Semi -feudal society。

1944，Chen Hansheng pointed out in "How to get on the right track of industrialization"，China's policy of formulating industrialization cannot ignore the continuity of history and the sociality of the industry，and the handicraft industry of the auxiliary factory industry。When he is studying the economic regional problems of India，further point out，When most people have a low purchasing power，Real industrialization is almost no basic，Real industrialization is the industrialization of factory production for domestic markets。For colonial and semi -colonial countries，Economic plundering to get rid of the imperialist country is the prerequisite for realizing the real industrialization。Industrialization construction in China，To use the domestic market to accumulate funds，In terms of construction, it should be according to agriculture、Heavy Industry、Development of the order of light industry。After the founding of the People's Republic of China，From 1929-1930、Based on the survey of Baoding，in 1958、1987、In 1998、Baoding Survey，Valuable information has been accumulated for the study of China's rural issues。

　　firmly follow the road of revolution

Chen Hansheng's choice of the revolutionary road，Both the infection of the spirit of the times，Related to its personal growth experience。He was taught by Donglin Elementary School when he was a child，Emperor in the concept of traditional scholars，In his youth, he studied in Mingde Middle School taught by Huang Xing，Answer to the spirit of the revolution。1910，Chen Hansheng wrote the poem "Book Huai Zou Rong": "Who is revenge?。Reading the history of desolately，Several men are non -horse cows。"This reflects the respect of bet365 live casino games his youthful respect for the revolutionaries。Li Dazhao is the leader of Chen Hansheng on the revolutionary road。When he recalled Li Dazhao in 1980，Call it "a real communist warrior"。No matter what kind of situation is，Chen Hansheng always unswervingly follow the road of revolution，is a firm communist warrior。1925，He joined the Kuomintang through the introduction of Li Dazhao and Yu Shide，and do underground work for the Communist International，and do underground work for the Communist International。1926，Chen Hansheng experienced the "March 18" tragedy，Write "Wise Witches on March 18th"。Bloody of the tragedy and the arrest of Li Dazhao are justified，It has strengthened Chen Hansheng's determination to continue the revolution。

1928，The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow，​​The meeting passed documents such as the "Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on Land Issues" and "The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China"，It is clearly stated that the farmers' land revolution was the main content of the Chinese revolution at that time，The fundamental problem of China's land relationship is the problem of the land occupation system，Farmers' struggle is to oppose all feudal restraints。The theoretically clearing the nature of Chinese society，Research on the problem of rural land in Chinese in scientific methods，is the most urgent question of the times，Chen Hansheng studied the rural issue in China by Marxism，Answer Chinese social nature questions，Become a practitioner who is closely integrated with the revolution。

Chen Hansheng has participated in Song Qingling since 1932、The "China Civil Rights Guarantee Alliance" organized by Cai Yuanpei and others，Revolutionary comrades and patriots who rescued the arrested in many parties。1933，Chen Hansheng in the article "China"，I hope "China can be completely independent，India、North Korea is also independent，Imperialism is the end of life "。He meets the American progress reporter Stodley through Song Qingling，Then get to get to get to know Racharde Zolg，Become a member of its group，Secret Revolution。1934，Chen Hansheng couple went to work in Toyo Library in Japan，In fact, it cooperates with the Zorg group's activity in Tokyo。1935，Because of the danger of exposure，Chen Hansheng and his wife went to the Soviet Union again，Later Chen Hansheng joined the Communist Party of China。Later Chen Hansheng joined the Communist Party of China，Chen Hansheng and his wife work in the United States，Chen Hansheng takes the work of the Pacific Society as a living，Actually help Rao Shushi run the Overseas Chinese Daily，Promote the Anti -Japanese Proposal of the Communist Party of China，Movement of donations to buy medicine and ambulance，Gift to China Eighth Route Army。Chen Hansheng has extensively associated intellectuals that sympathize with the Chinese revolution in the United States，Write an article to refute the wrong viewpoint of the situation in China。

Chen Hansheng pays close attention to changes in the situation in China，Article、Book Review、Letter、Breakstration and other methods to introduce the actual situation of Chinese society。He tells the publicity strategy，Write in the language style that Westerners can understand，Strive to strive for extensive support for China's progressive forces。Before and after the Seventh Seventh Incident，Chen Hansheng actively wrote an article to analyze the essence of Japanese imperialist policy，Call for the international community to pay attention to the war of aggression launched by Japan。During this period, he wrote "Conquest and Population", "Review of Seventy -seven -A Pre -War Chinese Policy revealed by Chinese officials", "The Economic Background of the Sino -Japanese War", "The Prospects of China Continuing the War" and other articles，Analyze the role of various classes in China and Japanese society in a class method，Pointing on the predatory nature of the Japanese imperialist policy，The policy of Japan's Heavy Industry Group and the militarist is the most important reason for Japan to launch the war in China。The development of Japanese capitalism is far from eliminating former capitalist production relationships in rural areas，Instead of maintaining or even exacerbating this relationship，Japan cannot solve population problems through conquest。These articles are published in magazines such as "Pacific Affairs", "Observation of the Far East" and "Meiya"，and discuss the bet365 live casino games discussion on the issue of the war of Japanese invasion in Japan，Promote the perspective of Chinese left -wing intellectuals on the Anti -Japanese War。early 1938，Chen Hansheng was invited by the Pacific Society Canada Branch，Going to more than a dozen cities in Canada to promote the determination and strength of the Chinese people's anti -Japanese war，Win the praise from friends of Canada。

May 1939，Chen Hansheng couple went to Hong Kong in accordance with the party's instructions，Assist Song Qingling to carry out the "Industrial Cooperation Movement"，and actively participate in the various work of "defending the Great League of China"，Foreign people and overseas Chinese who sympathize with the Chinese Anti -Japanese War and overseas Chinese，Anti -Japanese struggle that supports China。After the South Anhui Incident，The English publication edited by Chen Hansheng "Far East Communication" first reported to the world the truth of the incident，Controls the Kuomintang's crime to destroy the Anti -Japanese National United Front。After the fall of Hong Kong，Chen Hansheng went to Guangxi in 1942，Entrusted by the "International Committee of Industrial Cooperation Movement"，Founding the Institute of Industrial Cooperation at Guilin，During this period, actively rescue revolutionary comrades arrested by the Kuomintang。spring 1944，Chen Hansheng, who was wanted by the Kuomintang, exiled India，He took the opportunity to investigate the rural India and complete the relevant theory。June 1946，He was invited by Washington State University to teach in the United States。1947，Chen Hansheng wrote "Economic exclusive and Chinese civil war"，Disposal the cause of the Kuomintang government launched a civil war，pointed out that the essence of the economy in the Kuomintang's ruling zone is a government -owned economy that rely on military dictatorship control。He gave a public speech in many universities and academic groups，Promoting the Liberation War of the Chinese People's Liberation of the Land Revolution，It has a wide range of influence among the audience in the United States。

1950，Chen Hansheng couple invites Premier Zhou Enlai，Back to the motherland。The 1950s and 1960s，He has been a consultant of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs、Vice President of the Foreign Affairs Society、Deputy Chairman of the Chinese Society of Economics and Society、Member of the International Trade Promotion Committee、Vice President of China -India Friendship Association、Member of the Standing Committee of the Foreign Cultural Relations Association、Deputy Secretary -General of the China Asian Unity Committee、Deputy Director of the Institute of International Relations。Editor of his English magazine "Construction of China"，Writing a number of articles to promote the construction achievements of the People's Republic of China。He founded the South Asia Group of the Policy Research Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs，Training researchers，Promoting South Asia Studies，and advocate expanded from South Asia Research to Central Asia Research，Systematic research on neighboring Chinese countries，Gradually expand the research field to the entire Asia。

　　Scientific understanding of the nature of Chinese society

Chen Hansheng has more than 400 types of writing，Many works have Han、Ying、De、Day、Russian and other versions，Involved in many research areas。Although the writing is so complicated，The purpose of its academic studies has a clear context to find，The core issue he is concerned about is the issue of China's status in the capitalist world economic network，Discuss both the nature of Chinese society，Display the interactive relationship of China's capitalist economic network。Around this topic，From rural production to Chinese workers abroad，From the development of social agriculture to the industrialization process of socialist society，From China to India，Unbalanced from the economic policy of the imperialist country to the development of colonial semi -colonial economic regions，He studied this series of issues，Use production relationship、Productivity、Economic Area、Small farmer economy、Small farmer economy、Industrialization and other concepts to conduct in -depth investigation of social reality problems。He uses class analysis method，Fully analyzes the characteristics of economic activities in agricultural production，Each element of agricultural bet365 live casino games production，Ru Tian price、Field Rent、Interest、Salary and other actual conditions，Perform detailed analysis。

Chen Hansheng answered Chinese social nature questions on the basis of a wide range of rural surveys，He chose Jiangsu、Hebei and Guangdong as a representative area，Based on regional survey，and for immigration、Handicraft industry development、Tobacco planting and other questions，For Heilongjiang、Zhejiang、Yunnan、Guangxi、Shaanxi、Shandong and other places conduct special investigations，It is based on the production relationship to analyze the basic situation of rural society in China，Then determine the social nature。1929，Chen Hansheng in "Farmers and Landlords in the Heilongjiang Basin"，Take the agricultural production of Heilongjiang Basin as an example，Discuss the relationship between the factors of agricultural production，For example, land price and field rent，Under the circumstance where industrial capitalism is underdeveloped，Tian rental contains agricultural dividends or even wages，The increase in field prices will increase the field rent at the same time，Farmer's income salary is low。The price of the field is rising，The lower the economic status of hiring farmers, the lower the agricultural status，Few capital that self -cultivated farmers and some landlords can invest in production also less，Unable to improve farming technology。

1930，Chen Hansheng inspected Western Europe in "The Rural Production Relations of the feudal society"、Eastern Europe and Japan and other places in feudal society、Strong service、Features of the system of work compensation，Provide reference for examining the rural production relationship in China。1931，Chen Hansheng pointed out in "Rural Research in China"，The lack of land area standards in rural China、Disclosure of farmland and the complexity of rural land rights，All clearly point out the essence of a former capitalist society。but，The specific situation of rural production relations needs to be investigated。For example，Take Wuxi as an example，There are two types of business forms of capitalism and former capitalist among farmers，The dominant position is the previous capitalist operation。Chen Hansheng thinks，Disposal of rural land in China、Taxation of taxes、Valley price excitement，Makes landlords and rich farmers from becoming capitalist，The contradiction between all land and land use is the core of China's land issue。He proposes a practical and feasible farmers classification method in "Guangdong Rural Production Relations and Production Relations and Productivity，Based on R & F and refer to the employment relationship at the same time，Specific analysis of the relationship between farmers in different regions and the number of fields and living standards，Note the differences in different areas。He examined the distribution of land distribution between landlords and farmers，Inspecting the farmers' burden of land rent and interest，Reveal uneven land distribution、Farmers' tax negative field rent over high reality，Summarize the situation of low productivity and its reasons for the low productivity。He pointed out，The lower the farmer's economic status，The lower its ability to undertake economic risks，The more the pressure it is suffered in production and the more labor paid，The rise in land prices has exacerbated the differentiation of the farmers，A large number of farmers tend to poverty more，The object of becoming a Gaoli loan disk。

He analyzed the imperialist country and colonies with empirical research、The essence of economic relations between semi -colonial countries。Chen Hansheng thinks，Since the middle of the 19th century，Industrial capital invades rural China，Its biggest impact is the commercialization of industrialization and agricultural products。Foreign industrial expansion is attacked by China's market relationship，It helped develop old Chinese business organizations，enhances the status of merchant capital in the agricultural economy of China。He in the book "Imperial Industrial Capital and Chinese Farmers"，Analysis of the economic relationship between the economic penetration of imperialist economic and Chinese farmers。He thinks，In the case of a semi -colonial land，Modern industrialization does not have a good role in the life of Chinese farmers。China in the semi -colonial and semi -feudal China，Industrialization and the development of Bet365 lotto review industrial raw materials that come with it，Generally, it always leads to a decline in the living standards of farmers。Fulun、Different economic pressures that Zhongnong and poor farmers have suffered in the selection of industrial raw materials，The latter two faces more economic pressure but get less return。Only one independent and democratic China，Industrialization can bring the social welfare it expects。

Chen Hansheng compares rural production relations between China and India，Complete the book "India and Pakistan Economic Area"，Three problems with universality with this study。The first question is what impact of the rule of imperialism on colonial real estate，The answer he gives is: imperialist rule will cause imbalance in the economic structure of the colonial territory，This unevenness will become a stumbling block for the industrialization of colonial socialization。The second question is where the rural issues of the former industrialization country are out，Chen Hansheng's research shows，Just lifting the feudal system，May not be able to solve rural problems，Due to farmers' rights to land, there is no guarantee，After the feudalization, it must realize the right to farmers' rights to land with some reforms。If rural problems are not solved，Industrialization is not a complete real industrialization。The third question is how to coordinate the relationship between people and the natural environment。Chen Hansheng noticed，This phenomenon also exists in the best agricultural area in India，That is the fertile land、Rich products and farmers' poverty at the same time，The richness of the natural environment is not the decisive condition of social development，It must have a reasonable system at the same time，Farmers' poverty may be institutional poverty。

Chen Hansheng will sociology、Political Science、Economics、Geography and other concepts introduced in history research，Proposal of Chinese world historical research should be guided by Marxism，Form the world historical research system that integrates self -integration。World History Research should explain the process of world history evolution，and reveal the universal law of historical development。His attach importance to the collection and finishing work of historical data，It is believed that scientific research must be carried out on the basis of a large number of first -hand materials。He co -edited with other scholars "Imperialism and Chinese Customs" Series A total of 10 series。The "Compilation of the Historical Materials of Huagong Overseas Overseas" he presided over to laid the foundation for the research of Chinese Chinese workers' history。He is the same as Xue Muqiao、Feng Hefa co -edited the historical collection of "Rural Rural before liberation"，The theory of the Communist Party of China on rural issues is brought together、policy、Important documents of policy。He pays attention to the popularization of historical knowledge，Actively promote the publishing of the "Foreign History Book"。Chen Hansheng is both a scholar and a warrior，I contributed their lifelong energy to promoting social development，Later generations should commemorate him、Scenery him。

　　(This article is the "Study on the Research on the" Chinese Rural School 'and Rural Economic Issues "(20BZS090) in the general project of the National Social Science Fund

(Author Unit: Music and Dance College of Mudanjiang Teachers College; School of History and Culture)