Small and medium -sized banks are mainly based on urban commercial banks and rural financial institutions as the main body，It is in an important basic position in my country's financial system，It is the development of inclusive finance、Important forces of service SMEs。Since the financial crisis in 2008，Small and medium -sized bank assets generally maintain a high -speed growth trend，But behind the high -speed expansion of assets is accompanied by an increase in the exposure of internal and off -table risk exposure。In recent years，The State Council Financial Committee continuously deploys small and medium banks，Pay close attention to the risk of small and medium -sized banks。

2020 is the key year of "preventing and resolving major risks", "precision poverty alleviation" and "pollution prevention"。The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party is clearly proposed，"Significant financial risk prevention、Early warning、Disposal、Accountability System System "。Small and medium banks are an important part of my country's financial system，It is also the weak link of the current banking system，Deepening the risk prevention and resolution of small and medium -sized banks has important practical significance。

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In recent years，Along with the continuous development of my country's economy and society，Banks, especially small and medium -sized banks, have also increased significantly。Small and medium -sized banks' asset expansion behind the high -speed expansion is accompanied by an increase in the exposure of internal and off -table risk exposure。Non -loan loan rate and dialing coverage indicator is a common indicator of risk exposure in the bank's table，2009-2019，The average non -performing loan rate of small and medium -sized banks is bet365 Play online games significantly higher than large commercial banks and joint -stock commercial banks，and the coverage of the preparation is significantly low。Especially the risk exposure of rural commercial banks is very severe，Since the second quarter of 2018，Its non -performing loan rate has been around 4%，It is 2-3 times that of large commercial banks and joint -stock commercial banks，and the cover coverage is only 50%-70%of these two types of banks。Urban Commercial Bank's non -performing loan ratio also reached the highest level of 2.48%in the second quarter of 2019。From the perspective of the out -of -surface financial management business involved in shadow banking activities，Urban Commercial Banks and Rural Financial Institutions Wealth Management Products' funds are significantly higher than large commercial banks and joint -stock commercial banks，This means that the scale of small and medium -sized banks' out -of -wealth management business has expanded at a faster speed in recent years，Ondochemical risk rises rapidly。

Take a comprehensive，Systemic risk levels of high and medium banks，Reflects its deficiencies in risk management and in response to supervision、Following the vulnerability in the external environment such as policy。

　　Small and medium -sized bank risk cause

The cause of the risk of small and medium -sized banks is both macroeconomic factors，There are bank governance factors。Slowing economic growth、Changes in the economic structure、Marketization and regulatory reform of interest rates are macro backgrounds formed by the risk of small and medium banks，It is also a common macro environment facing other non -small and medium banks。Analysis of the risk causes of small and medium -sized banks and policy discussions on the risk resolution path.、Maintaining financial stability is of great significance。

First，Bank risk external nature and moral risk are the direct cause of the risk of small and medium banks。Bank is a node for social assets and finance，Its risk bearing and exposure are strong exterior，That is, the Bet365 lotto review income borne by the risk belongs to the bank shareholder or management，The cost generated by its risk exposure may be borne by the depositor。When insufficient supervision and lack of corporate governance，This kind of strong externality will cause bank controllers to breed moral risks，Adopt risk risk -based strategy，The ultimate increase in risk exposure。On the one hand，Small and medium banks pass financial management、Algene、Financial market and other modes，Breakthrough in business areas and business areas，further enlarged its network effect。Especially in recent years, the centrality of small and medium -sized banks has a significant improvement，Makes risks exterior can be passed to other economic subjects faster。On the other hand，Due to the lack of control and supervision of small and medium -sized banks，Some small and medium -sized banks under the control of shareholders and management，Severe moral risk problems occur，Leading excessive expansion of scale and increase in risk exposure。

Second，Bank leverage "smooth cycle" and hidden guarantees make small and medium -sized bank debt more vulnerable。The adjustment of bank leverage "smooth cycle" is another reason for the increase in the risk exposure of commercial banks，This feature is particularly obvious among small and medium banks。When the scale of the bank's balance sheet increases increase，It is more biased towards active asset -liability adjustment，Increase your own leverage，As a result, the bank's liabilities have become more vulnerable。Research Discovery，The existence of hidden guarantees will reduce the motivation for banks to pass their own risks through low leverage，Further enlarged the "smooth cycle" of bank leverage。Compared to large commercial banks and joint -stock banks，Chinese small and medium -sized banks are mostly developed on the basis of urban credit cooperatives and rural credit cooperatives，It is an important force for local economic development。For a long time, small Bet365 lotto review and medium banks have been under hidden guarantees of local governments，"Shipping cycle" feature fully appears。other，Low "franchise value" due to hidden guarantees of small and medium -sized banks，The motivation to reduce its own risk in order to continue to obtain "franchise value" is not strong，This has further spawned the accumulation of the risk of small and medium banks。

third，Interest rate marketization and risk transfer effects have caused small and medium -sized banks to allocate high risk assets。When the spread of the bank is too low，The moral risks between the bank and the deposit will be further intensified，Banks are more intense for the speculation of the bank and passing the investment risk to the depositor.，That is, the "risk transfer effect" may cause bank risk to bear the rise。With the slowdown in my country's macroeconomic growth rate，The return on investment in the real economy continues to decline，Credit resources to infrastructure、Real Estate、Local governments and state -owned enterprises are inclined，SMEs and small and medium -sized banks have gradually weakened。Compared to large commercial banks and joint -stock banks，Small and medium -sized bank liabilities have higher funds for funds，In the case of a given asset -side income，The spread is further reduced。other，Gradually advance with the marketization process of interest rates，In the context of increasing economic downward pressure，Bank's asset -side yields have a larger decline，and the liability end cost limited。Limited by the area、There are less influences of outlets，Small and medium banks face greater spreads and pressures，Therefore，It has a stronger motivation to alleviate the pressure on the spread through the asset -side allocation，Risk exposure increases as follows。

　　Improve the business environment of small and medium -sized banks

Small and medium -sized bank risk problems are divided into two levels of resolution and prevention。Risk resolution short -term incident response，The core is to choose the appropriate risk exposure Bet365 lotto review method and disposal measures，Avoid the evolution of micro -risk into a macro -system risk。and risk prevention defense and medium -term system design，The core is to improve the business environment of small and medium -sized banks，Reduce the probability of incidence of risk incidents。

First，Preventing the risk of small and medium banks is to regulate corporate governance，The root cause is to promote the transformation and upgrade of the economic and financial system。Unregulated company governance is a direct cause of the risk formed by small and medium -sized banks，Therefore，Standardize corporate governance、Implement shareholder liability、Supplementing Curvi Capital，It is an important measure to prevent the risk of small and medium banks。The core of the risk prevention of small and medium banks is to continue to optimize the regulatory environment and economic structure，Relieve the institutional dilemma of the operation of small and medium -sized banks。

First，Continue to promote the deposit insurance system，Resolutely break hidden guarantee and unlimited deposit insurance expectations，Increase market supervision and constraints assigned by bank risk。2，Continue to promote the marketization of interest rates，At the same time, it is necessary to enhance regulatory constraints and capital requirements，Avoid the downrinking pressure of the interest difference caused by the choice of excessive risk to bear。third，Promote the merger and reorganization of small and medium -sized banks，Enhance the capital strength and scale effect of small and medium -sized banks，Strengthening the level of technology and talent，Provides practical conditions for improving the quality of small and medium -sized banks。Fourth，Bank relies on entity，Small and medium -sized bank dilemma relief and economic transformation and upgrading are mirror。Only the proportion of residents in income distribution，Increase consumption and services in the economy，Continuously stimulate the operating vitality of small and medium -sized enterprises，Small and medium banks serve the bet365 best casino games comparative advantages of small and medium -sized enterprises to appear。Obviously，This transformation will be gradual and slow，Require financial and tax policy、Financial structure、Industrial access and other systems of system reform joint efforts to advance。

Second，Risk exposure is the prerequisite for resolving risks，Clear adverse identification and responsibility belonging are the core。Bank risk resolution is finally settled in capital supplement and main responsibility sharing (responsible subjects mainly include shareholders、Management、Secondary capital holder、Creditors、depositors and taxpayers, etc.)。Risk exposure and clear adverse determination are prerequisite for risk resolution，Only clarify the problem itself and its source，It is possible to form a reasonable main responsibility sharing and risk resolution solution plan。

Last，Reasonably grasp the scope and rhythm of risk exposure，Do a good job of expected guidance，Maintaining the market and stable liquidity，Avoid excessive transmission of risk events。Bank risk incidents have great potential infectivity，On the one hand，Risk exposure is to be pretty quickly，Disclosure should be disclosed for those related to interests，Resolutely break the rigid expectations exceeding the scope of deposit，Provide warnings to prevent future risks。On the other hand，Supervision needs to consider the economic and financial environment and market emotions，To do the expected guidance，Avoid the market emotional excessive panic。When necessary，The central bank needs to assume the responsibilities of the last lender，Putting liquidity Avoid liquidity crisis。

　　(Author Unit: Department of East China Normal University Economics and Management Department; Research Center of Guangfa Securities Development)