With the advent of the digital age,Payment by third party,In particular, non-cash payment methods, mainly represented by mobile payments, develop rapidly,Penetrated into residents’ consumption、Family Finance、Microfinance and other daily payment areas,Breaking the long-standing dominance of cash in these areas,It seems that the “cashless society” is coming。In this case,Analyzing this phenomenon from the perspective of political economics of the evolution of monetary forms will help people clarify the future development trends of digital Bet365 lotto review and cash。
The evolution of monetary form and the emergence of “Bet365 lotto review”
As a special form of existence of Bet365 lotto review,The emergence and development of cash are inseparable from the analysis of the origin and evolution of Bet365 lotto review。Objectification as general labor time,Bet365 lotto review is essentially the social relationship between people expressed in the form of things,This social relationship will be reflected in different material forms at different social stages。Because the value entity of money is abstract labor,Abstract labor itself is invisible、Does not include any natural material form,Therefore, with the development of social economy,The contradiction between the internal abstract social relations of money and the external concrete material form will become increasingly severe,Eventually Bet365 lotto review will inevitably break through all material form constraints attached to it,The evolution of monetary forms over thousands of years is a concrete manifestation of this process。
The evolution of monetary forms can be roughly divided into commodity currencies、Three stages of metal Bet365 lotto review and credit Bet365 lotto review,At different stages,Bet365 lotto review forms can be subdivided into primitive currencies、Metal Coin、Inferior coinage、Banknotes、Bank Note、Electronic money and other forms。In the initial stage of commodity Bet365 lotto review and metal Bet365 lotto review,Productivity levels are generally low,Bet365 lotto review in physical form can reflect the total value of social goods at that stage。However,On the one hand,The supply capacity of physical currencies such as gold is determined by specific production conditions,The improvement of productivity will increase the supply of gold;On the other hand,Gold and other physical objects will stay in circulation when used as pure commodity currencies。Therefore,Limited gold reserves are difficult to adapt to the rapid development of the commodity economy,Physical Bet365 lotto review cannot reflect the total value of social goods under the conditions of productivity,Putting the economy into a state of contraction。
To avoid continued economic contraction,The credit system and credit Bet365 lotto review came into being under capitalism,The concept of "cash" was born from the "central bank-commercial bank" dual system under the modern credit system。In fact,Before the establishment of this system,Commodity Bet365 lotto review、Metal Bet365 lotto review and other currencies in circulation can be regarded as "cash",After the credit system is established,Cash was established as a special form of Bet365 lotto review that is opposed to credit money。Visible,The generation of cash is predicated on the emergence of the credit system,People’s demand for cash in circulation will gradually change with the continuous development and improvement of the credit system,The future use of cash will depend on the development trend of credit Bet365 lotto review。
The impact of the development of credit Bet365 lotto review on cash
As a product of the credit system,The development trend of cash can only be truly clarified within the logical framework of the development of the credit system。In the early days of establishing the credit system,Credit Bet365 lotto review is mainly represented by convertible credit Bet365 lotto review represented by bank notes,With the expansion of the scale of this type of credit Bet365 lotto review,Severe fluctuations in the number of issuances occurred、The prevalence of Bet365 lotto review speculation and bank bond risk issues such as contagious runs。To solve the above problems,The government gradually monopolizes the issuance of convertible Bet365 lotto review by establishing a monetary authority system,Enables issuance by the central bank、Fiat Bet365 lotto review that is endorsed by national credit and cannot be redeemed has become a Bet365 lotto review form generally accepted by governments of various countries。At the same time,The central bank deposits fiat Bet365 lotto review in specific accounts at commercial banks,Make it the deposit reserve of commercial banks,Accounted to the asset side of its balance sheet。Therefore,Bank reserves have become an effective basis for commercial banks to obtain the central bank’s legal Bet365 lotto review,Commercial banks create credit Bet365 lotto review for circulation based on this。
It’s not difficult to find,Under the reserve system,The Bet365 lotto review money creation mechanism of commercial banks will be restricted by the central bank,The main constraint is reserves in the form of cash,This type of reserve not only does not bring nominal income to commercial banks, but also affects the amount of loans they issue,Further reduction in profits。Specifically,On the one hand,As a special type of asset,Cash will not bring any interest income to bank capitalists,That is, it does not directly participate in the distribution process of surplus value。On the other hand,As a restrictive factor for Bet365 lotto review loans,Reserves in the form of cash can curb the wanton expansion of Bet365 lotto review money。
Based on Marx’s analysis,Credit money arises directly from the function of money as a means of payment。The function of monetary payment means has changed the circulation form of traditional commodity Bet365 lotto review,Replaced by the circulation form of money capital,The purpose of its circulation is more Bet365 lotto review。When money is put into circulation to obtain more money,Capital appears。According to the relationship between credit money and capital,The social nature of money can be expressed through the credit Bet365 lotto review created by the private sector such as commercial banks and endowed with social nature through socialized production。Therefore,Reserves in the form of cash will interfere with the ability of various types of capitalists to claim surplus value by affecting the money creation channel。In this case,All types of capitalists are bound to unite,Create more credit money through so-called "financial innovation" to eliminate the adverse impact of reserves on it。
Despite the post-Keynesian view,The credit money created by commercial banks in the short term will not be substantially affected by reserves,Thus credit money is determined by private credit demand and bank loan willingness,But the demand for credit from the private or banking sector does not arise in a vacuum,It was formed under the long-term reserve system。In order to break through the constraints of the contemporary credit system on capital accumulation,Financial capitalists have developed shadow banking business、Non-traditional financial services such as third-party payment services,Create more credit money by bypassing the constraints of bank balance sheets and reserve requirements。At the same time,In the context of the booming development of Internet finance,The convenience of mobile payment transactions has become the reason why capitalists suppress cash payments、The loudest slogan to promote non-cash payment。This method of payment can not only help financial capitalists bypass the constraints of reserves,Accelerate capital accumulation to obtain surplus value,Can also use its regulatory loopholes to engage in regulatory arbitrage,"Financial plunder" of residents to obtain income。Therefore,In the credit Bet365 lotto review stage,“Decashization” is not just a natural phenomenon in the evolution of Bet365 lotto review,It is also commercial banks and other financial institutions to create more credit money、The social phenomenon resulting from the expansion of capital accumulation。
The future development direction of Bet365 lotto review
Although the “de-cashization” phenomenon is coming,The proportion of cash in total payments continues to decline,But its resistance still exists。Generally believed,The imbalance of network infrastructure、Security risks of mobile payment、Consumer payment preferences and issues such as the aging population will reshape the value of cash,Thereby creating an obstacle to “de-cashization”。But,Because "de-cashification" results from capital's breakthrough in modern credit constraints,So the vitality of cash comes from the problems faced in this breakthrough process。In fact,There are certain flaws in the modern credit system。The dual structure of "central bank-commercial bank" makes credit money created by commercial banks and controlled by the central bank,But the coercive force of competition and the desire of financial capitalists for monetary power have alienated the credit Bet365 lotto review system,It is no longer a reflection of the total value of social goods,It is an effective tool for capitalists to pursue exchange value。The instability of Bet365 lotto review quality can easily trigger inflation and lead to Bet365 lotto review crisis or economic crisis,Thus in turn reducing the exchange value pursued by capitalists。Although the modern credit Bet365 lotto review system can ensure the stabilizing effect of high-grade Bet365 lotto review on low-grade Bet365 lotto review to a certain extent,Like a central bank to a commercial bank,But if the top of this system is still a super-sovereign Bet365 lotto review based on modern credit Bet365 lotto review,Then the problem seems to be back to the original point。Therefore,As a contradictory unity of capital accumulation and monetary stability,The current credit and Bet365 lotto review system cannot maintain the relative balance between the two in the long term,"Decashization" under this system will only break the original balance,Thus creating resistance against “de-cashization” to prevent crises。
Actually,The development of digital technology has provided technical support to solve the contradictions of the current credit Bet365 lotto review system。On the one hand,Realizing peer-to-peer transactions through blockchain technology can reduce the distance between the public and the central bank,Reduce the public’s dependence on commercial banks,Thus strengthening the central bank’s control over commercial banks,Maintain Bet365 lotto review stability。On the other hand,Adjustment of production plans and optimization of transaction methods through big data technology can increase the expansion speed of socialized production。With the development of legal digital Bet365 lotto review,“De-physical cashization” will become an inevitable trend,But as long as the "central bank-commercial bank" dual model still exists,Cash as a regulatory Bet365 lotto review issuance will not disappear。Therefore,The current “de-cash” phenomenon in our country does not mean that a cashless society is coming,It is a concrete manifestation of the "de-physical cashization" process of the current credit Bet365 lotto review system overcoming its own shortcomings and transforming into a digital Bet365 lotto review system,The current credit system has not yet been broken、A cross-section of an era when the future digital credit system has not yet been formed。When social productivity develops to a high enough level that the credit system can break through the traditional binary model,The central bank can complete peer-to-peer transactions among the public directly through its own digital account without going through commercial banks。At that time,People may usher in a truly cashless society。
(Author’s affiliation: School of Marxism, Renmin University of China;Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Commerce)
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