Analysis of currency form under the perspective of political economy
April 25, 2023 09:08 Source: "China Social Sciences" April 25, 2023 Issue 2638 Author: Huang Ze Zhang Chenxi

With the advent of the digital age,Pay with a third party,Especially the non -cash payment method, which is the main representative of mobile payment, develops rapidly,penetrated into the consumption of residents、Family Finance、Micro -credit and other daily payment fields,Breaking the leading position of cash in these fields for a long time,It seems that the "cashless society" is coming。In this case,Analysis of this phenomenon from the perspective of the evolution of currency formal evolution can help people clarify the development trend of future digital currencies and cash。

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A special form of existence as a currency,The generation and development of cash are inseparable from the analysis of currency origin and morphological evolution。Objectized as a general labor time,Currency is essentially the social relationship between people who express in the form of objects,This social relationship will be reflected through different material forms at different social stages。Because the value entity of the currency is abstract labor,Abstract labor itself is invisible、excluding any form of natural material,Therefore, with the development of socio -economic,The contradiction between the internal abstract social relationship between the currency and the external specific material form will become more and more intense,The final currency will inevitably break through all the material forms attached to it,The evolution of the currency form for thousands of years is exactly the specific performance of this process。

The evolution of currency form can be roughly divided into commodity currency、Metal currency and credit bet365 best casino games currency three stages,At different stages,Currency form can be subdivided into original currency、Metal coin、Inferior coin、banknotes、Bank voucher、Electronic currency and other forms。In the initial commodity currency and metal currency stage,The level of productivity is generally low,Currency in the form of physical form can reflect the total value of social goods at this stage。But,On the one hand,Gold and other physical currency supply capacity is dominated by specific production conditions,The improvement of productivity will increase the supply of gold; on the other hand,Gold and other real objects will stay in circulation when used as pure commodity currency。So,Limited gold reserves difficult to adapt to the rapid development of the commodity economy,The physical currency cannot reflect the total value of social goods under this productive force,Make the economy in a tight state。

To avoid the continuous tightening of the economy,Credit systems and credit currencies under the condition of capitalist conditions came into being,The concept of "cash" is the "Central Bank -Commercial Bank" binary system that was born under the modern credit system。In fact,Before the establishment of this system,Commodity currency、Currency in the circulation of metal currencies can be regarded as "cash",After the establishment of the credit system,Cash is established as a special currency existence form that is opposed to credit currency。Visible,The generation of cash is based on the emergence of the credit system,People's demand for cash in circulation will also be gradually changed with the continuous development of the credit system,The use of future cash will depend on the development trend of credit currency。

  The development of credit currency development on cash 

The product of the credit system,The development trend of cash can be truly bet365 live casino games clarified only under the logical framework of the development of the credit system。In the early stages of the establishment of the credit system,Credit currencies are mainly manifested as convertible credit currencies represented by bank vouchers,With the expansion of such credit currencies,The number of issuances has appeared violently、Risk of bank voucher such as currency speculation and infectious extrusion。To solve the above problems,The government has gradually monopolized the issue of convertible currencies through the establishment of a monetary authority system,Make the Central Bank issued、The statutory currency that is endorsed by national credit and cannot be redeemed has become a currency form commonly accepted by governments。At the same time,Central Bank will deposit legal currencies in a specific account of commercial banks,Make it a deposit reserve for commercial banks,The asset side of the balance sheet is included in its balance sheet。So,Bank reserves have become an effective basis for commercial banks to obtain the legal currency of the central bank,Commercial banks create credit currencies for circulation based on this。

It is not difficult to find,Under the reserve system,Credit and currency creation mechanism of commercial banks will be restricted by the central bank,and its main restriction force is the reserve in the form of cash,This type of reserve will not only bring nominal income to commercial banks, but also affect the amount of its loan,Further reduces profits。Specific speaking,On the one hand,As a type of special asset,Cash will not bring any interest income to bank capitalists,That is, the distribution process that does not directly participate in the remaining value。On the other hand,A constraints for credit loans,Reserve in the form of cash can curb the wanton expansion of credit currency。

According to Marx's analysis,Bet365 app download Credit currency is generated directly from the function of the money as a payment method。The functions of currency payment methods have changed the form of circulation of traditional commodity currency,The form of circulation of currency capital,The purpose of its circulation is more currency。When the currency is put into circulation to obtain more currency,Capital appears。According to the contact of credit currency and capital,The sociality of currency can be expressed by socialized credit currencies created by private sectors such as commercial banks。So,Reserve cash in the form of cash will interfere with the ability of various types of capitalists to obtain the surplus value by affecting the channels of currency creation.。In this case,All kinds of capitalists will be united,Through the so -called "financial innovation" to create more credit currencies to eliminate the reserve's adverse effects on it。

Although Kanesian believes,Credit currencies created by commercial banks in the short term will not be affected by the substantial impact of the reserve,Therefore, credit currency is determined by private credit demand and bank loan willingness,But the credit demand of the private or banking department is not generated out of thin air,Instead, it is formed under the long -term reserve system。In order to break through the contemporary credit system, the restraint of its capital accumulation,Financial capitalists have developed shadow banking business、Third -party payment business and other non -traditional financial services,Create more credit currencies by bypassing the bank's balance sheet and the restriction system。At the same time,Under the background of the booming Internet finance,The convenience of mobile payment transactions becomes capitalists suppress cash payment、Promote the most loud slogan of non Bet365 lotto review -cash payment。This payment method can not only help financial capitalists bypass the reserve of the reserve,Accelerate capital accumulation to obtain the remaining value,It can also use its regulatory loopholes to engage in regulatory arbitrage behavior,"financial plunder" to residents to obtain income。So,In the credit currency stage,"Destroyer" is not just a natural phenomenon of the evolution of currency form,It is also a financial institution such as commercial banks to create more credit currency、Social phenomenon that expands capital accumulation。

 The development direction of future cash 

Although the phenomenon of "de -cash" is rapid,The proportion of cash in total payment is declining,But the resistance still exists。It is generally considered,Non -balancedness of network infrastructure、Safety dangers for mobile payment、Consumer payment preferences and problems of population aging will reshape the value of cash,Therefore, "de -cash" is formed to hinder。but,Due to the "de -cash", it is a breakthrough in capital's capital constraints of modern credit,Therefore, the vitality of cash comes from problems facing this breakthrough process。In fact,There are certain defects in the modern credit system。The dual structure of "Central Bank -Commercial Bank" makes credit currencies created by commercial banks and restricted by the Central Bank,But the compulsory force of the competition and the desire of financial capitalists for monetary power make the credit currency system alienation,It is no longer a reflection of the total value of social commodities,but an effective tool for capitalists to pursue exchange value。Unstable currency quality is likely to cause inflation and lead to a currency crisis or economic crisis,Therefore, in turn, reduce the exchange value pursued by capitalists。Although the modern credit Bet365 lotto review currency system can ensure the stable effect of high -level currencies on low -level currencies,If the central bank is a commercial bank,But if the top of this system is still the super -maintenance currency based on modern credit currency,Then the problem seems to return to the original point。So,The unity of contradiction between capital accumulation and currency stability,The current credit currency system cannot maintain the relative balance between the two for a long time,The "de -cash" under this system will only break the original balance,thereby generating resistance to "de -cash" to prevent crisis from generating。

Actually,The development of digital technology has provided technical support for solving the contradiction of the current credit currency system。On the one hand,The transaction that achieves point -to -point transactions through blockchain technology can shrink the distance between the public and the central bank,Reduce public dependence on commercial banks,Therefore, the central bank's regulation of commercial banks,Maintain the stability of the currency。On the other hand,Adjustment of production plans through big data technology and optimization of trading methods can improve the expansion speed of social production。With the development of legal digital currency,"Dest the physical cash" will become an inevitable trend,But as long as the "Central Bank -Commercial Bank" binary model still exists,Cash for the issuance of currency will not disappear。So,The "de -cash" phenomenon that currently appears in my country does not mean that a cashless society is coming,Instead, the current credit currency system breaks through its own defects and transforms the digital currency system.,It is the current credit system that has not been broken、A section of the era when the digital credit Bet365 lotto review system has not yet formed。When social productivity is developed enough to make the credit system break through the traditional dual mode,The central bank can directly complete the point -to -point transaction through its own digital account without the commercial bank。At that time,People may usher in a real cashless society。

  (Author Unit: College of Marxism, Renmin University of China; Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce) 

Editor in charge: Zhang Jing
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